DrmDoc

If one's goal is the application of feelings and emotions in A.I. then some application of science is necessary. Neuroscience is a good start because it provides clues to the type of equivalent structures, functions, and programming that A.I. might require to simulate emotionally equivalent human qualities.

Tillerson likely thinks privately that the world already knows what he refuses to deny he said, which is that Trump is indeed a moron. If he has any measure of integrity, to deny that sentiment would make Tillerson a colossal lair and no better than his boss.

Trump's Rasputin, Steve Bannon, says Trump has a 30% chance of completing a full term. For the sake of our nation, let's hope Bannon is indeed clairvoyant.

As I understood the OP, this discussion regarded physiology vs. psychology. Your question appears to regard philosophy. If so, this may not be the forum for that discussion. If I may inquire, what is the relevance of free will in this discussion? I perceive the emergent properties of the brain for what they are, which is as properties that emerge from the basic physiological processes that service our survival demands. Consciousness emerges from brain function rather than the reverse and its importance reside in how it's used and can be used to service our biology.

If by "mechanically" you are suggesting biologically, then yes. Everything about sleep owes its origin to how our brain evolved to service its metabolic needs.

The activations in the brain arising from its metabolic needs in sleep involve the same cognitive centers active during our waking state with transient hypofrontality as its only exception. What this suggest is that the active thought processes in sleep services our brain's metabolic needs by increasing the flow of oxygen and nutrient rich blood into its structure amid the sleep process, which is what the brain continually does during its waking state. This activation of its cognitive centers amid sleep is merely a continuation of those conscious cognitive processes that may produce the creative elements some of us believe our dreams can provide. Dreaming is merely an altered state of consciousness and the cognitive processes we consciously engage.

When one evaluates what is actually occurring in the brain during its REM state, one may only concluded that such activity is a byproduct of our brain's metabolic processes during sleep. Our brain consumes about 20% of body's overall energy uptake, which is fairly large and why it becomes active amid sleep. REM is a byproduct of the activity required to deliver increased oxygen and blood borne nutrients into brain structure during sleep as its metabolic needs and processes demand.

If someone doesn't know why we sleep and dream it's because he or she haven't studied or understood contemporary research on the subject. Sleep and dreaming is a product of how our brain evolved. I suggest that the truly interested should begin their investigation with a clear perspective of how the dreaming brain likely evolved. Although you did not identify the specific passage in the reference you provided, I've deduced that you are likely referring to section 2 of chapter 5 on the "Theoretical Implications" of sleep. I could not access that section as your reference is merely a book purchase portal, which isn't exactly detailed or a peer-reviewed source. However, theories aside, there is real evidence based on substantial and easily accessed research (e.g., glymphatic system) that more firmly and fully suggests why we sleep and what occurs when we do. If some biochemical equilibrium is restored amid sleep, it's likely a byproduct of basic processes such as those associated with the glymphatic system.

Reference, please!

Simplistically, consciousness is merely the awareness suggested by the responses of an organism to stimuli; however, that simplistic awareness or consciousness doesn't always rise to the level of human awareness. I think most of us will agree that there are varying levels of consciousness with humanity defining the level and our general understanding of what consciousness may truly be. For this discussion and to most science-minded people, consciousness is expressed by observed and observable human-equivalent behaviors, responses to stimuli, and reactions. I say "human-equivalent" because that meter of consciousness is the only measure we are truly able to scientifically verifying and, therefore, truly capable of understanding. Consciousness is an expression of brain function and the equivalency of human brain structure and function enables our ability to test and verify our theories about the nature of consciousness in humans. That equivalency in structure and function can and does extend to other species as well, which suggests that non-human species are also capable of some meter of human consciousness. Regarding the OP, I think most of us of scientific mindset agrees that consciousness is indeed a product of evolution and that it's not a quality particularly unique to humanity.

As I understand the abstract, "Nonshared environmental factors accounted for the most variance in the attitude factors." Variances in the heritability of attitudes was significantly influenced by the non-shared environment of the twins in this study, which simplistically suggests that twins have differing attitudes when they do not share the same environment. This study doesn't convincingly suggest the heritability of attitudes but rather the shared attitude effects of a shared environment--in my opinion.

Today I learned more than I though I knew about the smallest levels of reality. I learned that neutrinos are measure in yoctometers (10−24 yotos).

Today I learned that the average life expectancy for humans plateaus at 114.1 years for male and 115.7 years for females. According to a Tilburg and Erasmus University study published in Nature.

Today I learned why getting kicked in the groin hurt so much. The culprit is referred pain, which is our brain's generalized signaling of injury rather than injury of the specific organ involved.

I've reviewed the Shestopalov paper in Frontiers, which was co-authored with Kovalzon. I did not find a link to the Kovalzon et al. (Beh. Brain Res 2017) paper. As I now understand, Shestopalov paper describes the preliminary implications of pannexins in the "regulation of the sleep-wake cycle via an indirect effect of released ATP on adenosine receptors and through interaction with other somnogens, such as IL-1β, TNFα and prostaglandin D2." As I understand the paper, pannexins may play a significant role in sleep regulation by being channels for the non-vesicular release of ATP and mediation of cerebrovascular tone with implications in the glymphatic process. As conduits for ATP, it's interesting that pannexins "knock-outs" cause sleep disruption, which suggests to me the significance of ATP flow in sleep homeostasis. The authors suggests their findings may have broad relevance to "coordinating neuronal activity and homeostatic housekeeping" during the sleep-wake cycle. Although the significance of these "hemichannels" in sleep regulation is described as "indirect," I agree it is indeed an example of the continuing and emerging science on the nature of sleep.

Thankfully, neither do I. Today I learned that American whiskey brand Jack Daniel's owes its founding to Nathan Green, a slave who taught a teenaged Daniel how to distill. According the New York Times, sales of JD brands generate about $3 billion in annual revenue.

I see your point. Although I didn't make my position as clear as I should have with my initial comment, my subsequent comment were indeed intended as a response to the specific OP implication that neural detoxification in sleep was speculation, which it is not. You're quite correct regarding my dismissal of sleep as essential for memory consolidation; however, it's not my opinion that amyloid clearance is a process disruptive to those that may involve memory consolidation. My comment on this issue regards amyloids aggregates as a disruption to the consolidation process that must be removed for the process to be effective. I'll have a look at the papers you've referenced as I remain very interested.

Wow! The upheaval in Trump's administration may soon rival Nixon's--if it hasn't already.

As I understood the OP, his initial comments regarded: In response, I've discussed and provided a link to a description of the glymphatic process. My initial comments then were to confirm that the clearing of toxins from the brain during sleep is not speculative but is indeed supported by research. Although I've acknowledge that sleep is probably not necessary for some clearance, I've provided links to articles discussing research describing how sleep more effectively promotes this glymphatic process. Indeed, I've asserted a strong link between the glymphatic process and memory but not as the main process or impetus for sleep, but rather as confirmation of the process. There are indeed processes that occur during sleep other than the glymphatic process (e.g., glycogen production) and some of those processes may have nothing to do with sleep mediation. However, I did provide links to sources confirming the biochemical mediation of sleep, which answers the OP's question of physiology versus psychology for sleep induction. Regarding memory and neural consolidation in sleep, I have asserted an opinion that this process, based on my perspective of the research, cannot occur or occur efficiently without the clearance of interstitial toxins and is, therefore, not necessarily the primary impetus for sleep. I've have asserted that whatever enhanced neural connectivity or mental acuity we experience upon arousal from sleep it's likely an effect of our sleeping brain's more efficient clearance process, which is a process shown to more efficiently remove the aggregates of toxins (e.g., amyloids) found in memory deficient brains such as Alzheimer's. However, in my opinion, not doubt exist as to primary impetus or cause for sleep, which involves the biochemicals that induce sleep and their removal from the brain rather than a consolidation function that some believe cannot occur while the brain is more active. It's my understanding that pannexin are glycoproteins that form single membrane channels and is associated with the release of ATP rather than the metabolized adenosine. Please, post a link to the research you've described. I try to stay current and remain very interested.

It seems Trump's impeachment may not be necessary. According the The Hill, Trump's "Art of the Deal" co-author, Tony Schwartz, is predicting Donald's resignation before the end of this year saying: Whether Trump is impeached or he resigns, a Pence presidency is just as concerning because he's a polished politician who would likely be more adept at pushing the GOP agenda through Congress.

The clearance function, as in the link I've provided, involves our brain's glymphatic system in which amyloid removal rather than metabolized adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is implicated. However, metabolized ATP does produce adenosine, which is indeed a neuromodulator shown to induce sleep. The role of ATP in sleep is in the production of glycogen which, as you may know, is the reserve form of the glucose and oxygen our brain uses as energy. Although not clearly implicated in the homeostatic regulation of sleep, there's ample research evidence suggesting that replenishing glycogen is indeed a major function of sleep. Indeed, a less active brain promotes preservation and production of the energy it requires for full function. What I've found in most of the available meta-data on sleep is solid evidence for its biochemical modulation and interstitial clearance processes. The evidence for consolidation, from what I've reviewed and IMO, is rooted in sleep deprivation and acuity studies that do not provide firm neurological evidence unrelated or not relatable to the clearance of inhibitory substances. Indeed, there are no simple answers but I think those answers we do have are relatively clear.

Indeed, you understand correctly. There's ample evidence that sleep is regulated and induced by our brain's biology (See melatonin and adenosine). Adenosine, particularly, is produced as our brain metabolizes ATP, which is our brain's primary source of energy. Adenosine acts as an inhibitor in our central nervous system, which induces sleep. As this neuromodulator is cleared from the brain, so is its effects in impeding brain function. There's no psychology to this process, which merely involves the removal of a metabolized substance that impedes brain function and the mental acuity that function produces. As I understand the process, memory and neural consolidation cannot occur without clearing those biochemical substances that inhibit our neural process. Even brain plasticity is affected by these neuromodulators. Although some memory upkeep and neural repair occurs during sleep, those processes are likely not the impetus for sleep unless they involve the production of those neuromodulators that induce sleep. I think the amyloid hypothesis is very conclusive as it relates to its effects in Alzheimer's. Therefore, its efficient removal in sleep is likely critical to our mental acuity upon arousal from sleep.

Actually, there is no speculation as to what processes occur in sleep. Research has indeed confirmed that our brain engages an effective system (glymphatic system) of interstitial waste clearance. Although waste clearance also occurs when our brain is active and engaged, the process increase in efficiency during the non-dreaming stages of sleep. When we are awake and active, our brain produces and accumulates toxins that are more efficiently removed when our brain is in non-REM and not as active in producing interstitial waste. Our brain works better when it is clear of metabolic waste byproducts such as amyloid beta whose aggregation is observed as plaque in the brain's of Alzheimer's patients. We feel refreshed and alert because of this glymphatic process that occurs amid sleep. I've argued against this idea of memory consolidation in sleep because, frankly, there's not credible evidence of that process. If we are more alert, think and remember things more clearly after sleep, it's because our neurons can connect and function more efficiently when our brain is efficiently cleared of extracellular toxins that can produce neurological dysfunction and disease. Although a lack of sleep does affect our psychology that particular affect is rooted in our brain's metabolic needs and processes, which how our brain evolved. Our brain is the largest consumer of our body's overall energy uptake and sleep doesn't suspend our its metabolic needs. Dreaming occurs when our brain activates to increase blood flow to the brain, which resupplies our brain with the nutrients and oxygen it requires amid sleep. Although dreaming is caused by our brain's metabolic needs in sleep, the activation those needs precipitate involve and arouse our sleeping brain's cognitive centers and processes. The imagery in our dreams are a synthesis of the physiological and latent perceptions our brain detects amid this cognitive arousal stage in sleep.

For those of you who have interest, here's a SciShow Psych link where you may learn about the 5 distinctive brainwave patterns our brain produces. They are delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma. The video also discusses a study suggesting how gamma wave exposure might influence our brain biology. According to the host, researchers found that mice-with genetically modified light-sensitive neurons--produced "half as many plaques in their visual cortex compared to controls." The implications of this finding in the treatment of Alzheimer could be enormous. Enjoy!

Today I learned about Arthur C. Clarke's The Nine Billion Names of God.