DrmDoc

The notochord is a transient development in human embryos and is not retained post-embryotic. Our spinal cord emerges from an initial embryotic notochord stage. I hope this helps.

Actually, our brain already produces another form of thinking and that other form is called dreaming. A majority of us do not know that dreams are thoughts because dreams don't conform to how we consciously understand the nature of thought. When we dream, our sleeping brain can be even more active than when we are awake. The idea that we may only use a small percentage of our brain is a myth. We are already using our brain's maximum.

Although I acknowledge that voter suppression is a real issue and could become even more detrimental to our elections, I don' t believe it was that much of an issue during this past election given the percentages of voter turnout we found in precincts throughout Pennsylvania. If Philly's turnout is any example of Pennsylvania as a whole, it's unreasonable to believe that voter suppression accounted for only a 64% turnout this past election. 36% of approved and registered voters in Philly weren't denied their right to vote--they just didn't vote. Even at 7% voter suppression statewide, there would have been thousands of reports from irate voter distributed over the small number of distinct voting districts throughout Pennsylvania. Those reports would have included thousands of properly registered voters not being allowed to vote at their customary polling places. There were no such reports. Although voter suppression is an issue, I firmly believe it was just not that much of an issue compared to other factors, particularly voter apathy.

I don't doubt the unsavory and subversive motives of Republicans in their efforts to manipulate our voting system in their candidate's favor. Also, I agree that such tactics should continue to be met with active and extreme resistance; however, as I've previously conveyed, I don't believe these vote suppression tactics were that effective during this past election--at least not in Pennsylvania. I've been a resident of Pennsylvania for many years. It has a Democratic governor and its swing county, Philadelphia, is majority Democrat by almost 2/3. Voter participation was down in Philadelphia by several hundred thousands and I can confidently state that voter suppression was not the cause. Anyone familiar with Philly politics would understand the impossibility of suppressing Democratic votes in a Democratic county of a state governed by a Democrat. Philly Democrats did vote this past election, though not in the numbers seen in previous elections because they weren't as motivated. That low turnout is attributable to eligible registered voters who simply did not come to the polls and fulfill their electoral responsibility. There's insufficient evidence--in Philly at least--that voter suppression was a key and compelling factor during this past election. Although it may not have been a significant factor, from my perspective, I do agree that voter suppression tactics are important issues and should be seriously contested for the sake of our democracy.

I think it's highly unlikely that Trump won this past election because of voter suppression. If there was a sizable number of eligible and willing voters disenfranchised during this recent election, their collective outcry would most certainly have been deafening. We know that no vocal or sustained claims of voter suppression have emerged since Trump's election. Also, I don't think 62 million people voted for Trump because they were uneducated or didn't know who and what they were getting. Trump showed them exactly who he was and told them what he would do and they weren't deterred by Trump's deliberate failure to inform them how he would do it. As I saw it, there was voter apathy among a sizable segment of our population and far too many other eligible voters willing led by unreasonable fears. There is no clearer evidence that our electoral system is flawed when the candidate receiving 3 million more votes than her nearest competitor is not declared the winner.

Collectively, we did make the right choice for our democracy with the majority of our citizenry voting in the 2016 presidential elections for the most qualified candidate, which was Hilary Clinton. That majority was failed by an outmoded electoral process that should be abolished. The Electoral College gave us George W. and now Trump. Only a revolution, unfortunately, is likely to change that unnecessary buffer between the presidency and the true will of the American people.

Given this administration's history, it will likely spin this revealing BBC report as "fake news".

Trump certainly seems to be heading in Edrogan's direction but I don't think he'll get that far. I mean, we can still publicly call him a wanker without risk of arrest. It's very clear that he just doesn't know what he's doing and I think his increasingly negative rating supports that perception. My hope is that our democracy survives this administration without irreparable social damage.

Freedom of the press is a cornerstone of our democracy. Now access to government press briefings by legitimate outlets is being denied. Is there any firmer evidence of how solidly this administration is aligning itself with the wrong side of freedom?

Apparently, this administration is abdicating it's responsibility to protect the rights of some of it's most vulnerable citizens. Trump has signed orders rolling back protections for transgender students by deferring that responsibility to individual states, which virtually assures unequal protection under the law.

Certain sounds originating from external sources can and do produce an annoying tinnitus effect. There are sounds that individuals over the age of 25 can't hear that those under 25 find particularly annoying. Here's an example.

I agree and that is precisely the point I've tried to convey.

It is tinnitus, which is something we all experience as we age. The damage sound causes to hearing is cumulative over time and tinnitus can begin in early childhood depending on the measure of sound exposure.

That ringing in the ear when there's no sound is called tinnitis and it may have several health related causes not usually consider serious. I hope this helps.

Indeed; I'd be very interested in reviewing it...if it exists.

This forum, where you have posted and continued this discussion, is a sub-category of the Biology Forum. ​Although I'm no biology expert, none of your comments here seem remotely related to any category or measure of biology. You clearly desire to discuss some remarkable mental quality and, if so, this clearly isn't the forum for that discussion. You should consider posting your thoughts to the Medical Forum, under either Neuroscience or Psychology, ​where you may find respondents more sympathetic to your views and, perhaps, more knowledgeable than I on this topic. I wish you well.

If my attempts to correct your imprecise use of terms offend you, please accept my apology. At the risk of further offense, I offer this clarification of the comment you've partially quoted. As I wrote more completely, "dreaming and REM are evidence of brain activity amid an unconscious state of brain function." As you can clearly see, my emphasis was on the latter most distinguishing quality, which specifically regards a state of brain function. Although you would rather adhere to an unstudied colloquial perspective, subconscious is not a state of brain function and, therefore, not a state of mind or mentation. There is no contest here between you and I, if you want to continue to use imprecise terminology doing so is certainly your prerogative; however, for those of us here who are well informed, your continued use of "subconscious mind" in this forum is most telling of the real measure of your professed expertise.

pzkpfw made a valid point...although his name is on the building, it doesn't mean he actually laid the brick and mortar himself. Trump put his name on a lot of things though he was not intimately engaged in their production. What workpsi has read emerged from the experience and expertise of Trump's ghost writer rather than Trump himself. You can research online many of Trump's speeches where he talks about his successes. You should be able to quickly determine that those speeches lack substance.

Your professed biology degree notwithstanding, it's exceedingly difficult not to consider you anything but the latter in view of your prior and subsequent comments here. I gave you that "descriptor" or term in my prior comments. The term, which isn't one I've personally coined, is unconscious and it has been used by knowledgeable scientist, psychologist, and neurologist for many years probably as early as the 17th century. Rather than an example of a supposed "subconscious mind", dreaming and REM are evidence of brain activity amid an unconscious state of brain function. All valid questions but they, unfortunately, expose how little you may understand the terms unconscious and subconscious relative to brain function. Our brain produces just two measurably functional states: conscious and unconscious. Measurably function states are those in which we are able to register detectable levels of brain activity via EEG, fMRI or other applicable methods. Unconscious is that measurable state of brain activation and activity that is diametrically opposite our conscious state. Despite pervasive unstudied colloquial notions, our brain is active while in an unconscious state and even amid coma--albeit not the level of activity we find amid our conscious state. Unconscious describes that state of mentation and brain function that is opposite of that brain state that produces conscious awareness of physical/material reality. When we dream, using your example, we are not subconscious of our physical/material experiences in reality, instead we are unconscious or unaware of those experiences while dreaming. Unconscious is also descriptive of experiences, perceptions, and behaviors we engage that are diametrically opposite those we engage consciously; therefore, brain states like coma and REM are subsets of unconscious brain activity. Subconscious is primarily a term most aptly descriptive of a type of influence rather than an active brain state. As influence, subconscious describes that which discretely affects the mind and behaviors our brain produces. The distinction between the terms unconscious and subconscious is analogous to a person and a package. The person personifies the unconscious, while the package represents the subconscious influence he may either receive or deliver.

Although you've expressed some very real and compelling concerns, you do realize that you are expressing liberal fears rather than the intransient fears that have proven successful for Trump. Unless we focus on what makes America less stabile and secure under this administration, Trump will likely reap a second term. Those 62 million voters have to be shown how his allegiance to Russia, false terrorism claims, self-serving and poorly conceive domestic and international policies are not in the best interest of their stability and security. Trump's supporter have to be convinced that he really doesn't know what he's doing.

This is more a psychology or word play topic than one of biology, which is where you've posted this discussion. Nevertheless, as Strange alluded, subconscious mind is an invalid description of the mental quality you want to discuss here. There is no evidence that our brain produces a "subconscious mind". The terms most descriptive of the mental divisions our brain function produces are conscious and unconscious. What you are discussing here is how we are able to unconsciously decipher or unscramble jumbled letters into words, which is descriptive of what we do mentally without conscious direction, perception, or focus. If the intent of this discussion line is to offer proof of a subconscious rather than unconscious mind, you will need to provide some distinction in brain function as can be provided relative to the unconscious mind should you want to continue this discussion.

His rise to the presidency and hold on power resides in his ability to stoke the fears of weak minded individuals who are blind to his tactics. At almost ever turn, Mr. Trump has demonstrated his ignorance of real governance and statesmanship. It's my hope that he remains true to his nature and doesn't somehow become more circumspect, thereby assuring no second term for his administration.

According to Donald Trump, a terror attack occurred last night in Sweden. Given Sweden's investigation and response to the president's claim, the only evidence of that attack appears to be Mr.Trump's imagination. It appears Mr. Trump has become the bane of his administration, a source of fake news.

Here's a surprising revelation, Mr. Trump actually selected a man of integrity and character to replace his fired national security adviser. It seems that retired vice-admiral Robert Howard, being a man of integrity, effectively declined the position after watching Trump's recent news conference debacle. I think admiral Howard should be admired for his decision to keep his distinguished career in service to our country unsullied by a position in Trump's administration. No doubt, Mr. Trump will now disparage admiral Howard and say he was never a serious consideration.

Ditto. It was an astonishing farce. Throughout, Trump's comport was frequently immature, vindictive, and undignified for an American president. Unfortunately, this is the person he was as a presidential candidate and I doubt his extraordinarily narcissistic displays will change the opinion of his supporters.