matterdoc

Sysiphus and DH, Quotes are from Encyclopedia Britannica. “According to Newton's postulated law of gravitation, two bodies of mass m1 and m2, separated by a distance r. exert equal attractive forces on each other of magnitude proportional to m1m2/r2. The constant of proportionality, G, in the gravitational law, F = Gm1m2/r2, is thus to be regarded as a universal constant, applying to all bodies, whatever their constitution.” During derivation of law of gravitation from earth-moon motions by Newton; “A further result, that the mass of the Earth acts gravitationally on the outside world as if the mass were concentrated at the planet's centre, was needed to obtain his relationship”. Distance ‘r’ is between centers of gravity of the bodies. “In physics, imaginary point in a body of matter where, for convenience in certain calculations, the total weight of the body may be thought to be concentrated” is called centre of gravity. If we consider Newton’s law of gravitation, it seems pretty clear that a single body can have only one centre of gravity and while considering gravitational actions in conjunction with an outside body, all gravitational actions about the body have to be as if the whole mass of the body is concentrated at body’s centre of gravity. Considering more than one centre of gravity (for different parts) of a body and correspondingly deriving for varying accelerations due to gravity of those parts is not intended by the above laws. Gravitational gradient may appear logical but I doubt if there is any provision for it in the laws considered. * * * * Earth is gravitationally attracted to both the sun and the moon. Thus, there are two independent external efforts, acting on earth, most of the time in different directions. By mechanics, earth should accelerate in a resultant direction. If earth’s (or its parts’) acceleration is the cause of tides, earth may have only one set of tides in the direction of its resultant acceleration. During (syzygy) conjunction, earth’s gravitational attractions towards sun and moon are in the same direction. Attractions should add to each other to form a greater resultant attraction. Thus we have spring tide, which is combined sum of solar and lunar tides. During (syzygy) opposition, gravitational attractions towards sun and moon are in opposite directions. Earth’s accelerations towards sun and moon tend to cancel (part of) each other. Resultant attraction and acceleration should be much less and in the direction of greater attraction. Yet we have spring tides, which is combined sum of solar and lunar tides, exactly as we have during conjunction. Neap tides occur only when two independent sets of tides are at right angle to each other. According to your explanations, this happens, when directions of gravitational attractions and accelerations produced by them are perpendicular to each other. Isn’t there something strange about this? This shows that tides, while keeping their independence, are able to add together or subtract from each other to produce resultant magnitude at any meridian. But, at least in cases of tides, forces or accelerations causing them are incapable to produce resultants, as dictated by simple laws of motion. This compels me to conclude that magnitudes of tides do not depend on the magnitudes of accelerations in any direction. * * * *. Relativity theories do not recognize attraction due to gravity for planetary orbital motion. Question of acceleration of earth towards sun or moon does not arise. Yet, earth has its tides. * * * * Often tides appear to lead or lag local meridian, even while direction of sun or moon are directly above local meridian. Although gravitational attraction is in local meridian, it appears that acceleration caused by it is deflected away from direction of force. This also is in contradiction with provisions of laws of motion. This further contradicts your conclusions that tides are caused by acceleration of earth or its parts towards sun or moon.

DH, Which is nonsense; Having smaller solar tides or having two sets of tides. How many centers of gravity a single body may have?

Attraction due to gravity is the only part of 'gravitation' considered currently by all. It is the dynamic action of 'gravitation'. Static actions of 'gravitation' is more fundamental and important. Gravitational attraction is a minor by-product of 'gravitation'. Cause of gravitation and explanations on its static actions may be checked at matterdoc.info

Universe is infinite, in the sense that however far you may go, you will encounter matter bodies. For an observer, size of universe is limited by his ability to gather information from. This size will be equal in all directions.

Smoove, Sun, earth and moon are free bodies, moving in space. No free body can orbit around another moving body. Simple mechanics should show this fact. We may observe orbital motion around a central body only if we consider the central body is static in space. That is, by using relative reference frame. In reality, sun, earth and moon are not static bodies. They move together in wavy paths about a median path around galactic center. A stable galaxy is static in space. These movements, when considered in any relative reference frame, appear to be orbits around the respective central body. When earth is considered static, both moon and sun appear to orbit around the earth. When sun is considered as static, both earth and moon appear to orbit around earth. Etc.

A substance that gives positive existence to a real object is called matter. Hence, if there are real objects in nature, matter has to exist.

If cause of tides is gravitational attraction, solar tides should be greater than lunar tides. But it is not so. Two independent forces on a body are likely to produce only one resultant action. Yet, gravitational attractions towards sun and moon produce two independent sets of tides.

Dear lemur, Thanks and sorry for confusions. ‘Hypothesis on MATTER’ has only one type of postulated basic particles, in it. They are ‘quanta of matter’. Since quantum of matter is a postulated particle, no questions on its creation or reasons for its existence arise. There are infinite numbers of quanta of matter in nature that fill the entire space. Space is an imaginary region, presupposed by rational beings to serve as place of existence, whenever they envisage matter bodies. Quanta of matter exist perpetually. All other real matter bodies are structured by the quanta of matter and exist within the sea of the same. All functional entities are developed from characteristic properties of ‘quanta of matter’. A ‘quantum of matter’ is postulated as the smallest ‘real’ matter particle. Since matter is its substance, a quantum of matter is a real entity and it has objective existence in all spatial dimensions. Tendency of matter in a quantum of matter to coagulate produces its definite structure, properties and ability to act (all, part of initial postulation). Affinity of matter within a quantum of matter provides it with a tendency to revert towards single-spatial dimensional status. In its natural free state, a quantum of matter has only length as its tangible measurement. Reducing its length by external efforts compels its body to grow in width, thus developing into two-dimensional quanta of matter until it becomes a circular material object. Reducing the area of a two-dimensional quantum of matter compels its body to grow in thickness and become a three-dimensional material object. Unfortunately, the length of a quantum of matter, even in its one-dimensional spatial state, is so small that it is difficult to measure it by our 3D measurements scale, directly. Because of their peculiar structure, quanta of matter in different planes are able to co-exist at the point of their crossings. A quantum of matter further has a measure of its matter content. Matter content of a body is not directly tangible. Magnitudes of matter content in quanta of matter may vary from one quantum of matter to another. A quantum of matter is an independent matter body. It maintains its individuality under all conditions. Matter content of a quantum of matter has the same affinity towards the matter content of any other quantum, which is in contact with it in the same plane. When two quanta are in contact, their matter contents tend to merge. Tendency of two quanta of matter, in contact in the same plane, to merge produces attraction between them and helps them to form quanta-chains in single-spatial dimension. Occasional breakdown of quanta-chains and availability of free quanta of matter to migrate into the chains helps quanta-chains to have excess number of quanta of matter in them to keep all quanta of matter in a chain under compression from their ends. Quanta-chains in rectangular directions together form two-spatial dimensional latticework structures. Structure of quanta of matter prevents them from forming three-dimensional latticework structures. Two-dimensional latticework structures by quanta of matter (in all possible planes in space) together form an all-encompassing universal medium. Universal medium is formed by quanta of matter of (somewhat) equal matter contents. Quanta of matter with widely differing magnitudes of matter content help to form disturbances in universal medium, which may lead towards creation of three-dimensional matter. Since the universal medium (a real entity structured by matter) fills the entire space, it can replace the formless and imaginary space. For detailed description on the structure, characteristic properties and actions of postulated quanta of matter, kindly refer the book, ‘Hypothesis on MATTER’. Dear bignose, Most phenomena in physics rely on concepts using imaginary effects, mathematical constructs and exotic entities for their explanations. Each of them has its own mathematical justifications. They are well received by physicists and generally believed to be true. However, currently we also ignore many physical phenomena, only because they have not even explanations on these lines. They seem to be very complicated to explain even on the basis of accepted physical laws. Simple and logical explanations on few of these may serve to show the logic of ‘Hypothesis on MATTER’. To mention a few of these phenomena:- Terrestrial tides leading/lagging local meridian, Greater magnitude of lunar tides compared to solar tides, Origin of planetary spin, Higher spin speed of equatorial region of very large bodies, Elongation of solar days, What moves and controls the speed of light, Reversal of terrestrial magnetism, Nature and classification of electric charge, Creation of three-dimensional matter, etc. I believe ‘Hypothesis on MATTER’ can give logical explanations on all physical phenomena including those mentioned above. Links to articles/calculations, explaining these may be found on my website, www . matterdoc . info (please remove spaces). I hope by reading few indicated articles you may be able to form an opinion on the merit of the concept. I will appreciate critical evaluation by readers. For general basic explanations and details on specific phenomenon you may have to refer to the books, ‘Hypothesis on MATTER’ or ‘Gravitation’. Kindly note that these books and articles are neither edited nor reviewed. They are self published.

Dear swansont, Having two or more postulated particles in a theory, makes the theory liable for contradiction or circular logic, somewhere along its development. At least, there is a possibility of this happening. This is why it is assumed that scientific theories (based on more than one postulation) are liable for falsification. However advanced such a theory is, the possibility of falsification is always present. All of our current theories have more than one postulated (or assumed) particles and properties. Whenever an additional property is desirable, it has become natural for a physicist to adopt an assumed particle or properties that suit his theory. Since, currently we have no theory with a single (type of) postulated particle, falsification is generally considered as a common (essential) property of all scientific theories. This condition was made critical, probably under the impression that no concept based on single type of fundamental particle will be proposed ever. If a theory has only one type of postulated particle, every detail in the theory relies on the properties of the postulated particle. A carefully prepared theory, based on a single postulation (single type of postulated particles), has no chance to contradict itself or for circular logic. Every action has to be preceded by a logical cause, all the way extending to initial postulation(s). All causes have to originate from initial postulated fundamental particle and result only in logical effects. There is no room for contradictions with any other particles or properties. Imaginary particles or assumed properties do not appear anywhere in the theory. Essential requirement of such a theory is that the properties of postulated particle are so chosen that they are able to explain all phenomena without contradiction or irrationality. They should be tabulated and made binding an all actions and mechanisms of actions. Single type of postulated fundamental particle(s) should be able form all other bodies, with diverse properties, in nature. Their (postulated) properties should provide definite base for all physical phenomena related to superior bodies, formed by them. It may be true that all causes and effects may not be observable due to our inability to do so. Even in such cases, overall results should be logical and incessant with the properties of single type of postulated fundamental particle(s). If this is done right, there is no possibility of falsification, in a theory with single type of basic particle. Dear, mississippichem Thank you very much. I will start with a small note on ‘energy’. You are welcome to suggest another style. If this style is acceptable, I can describe my view of other entities and their actions for discussion after conclusion of discussion on ‘energy’. ‘Energy’ is defined as the ‘capacity or ability to do work’. It is understood as the creator of an effect. Capacity or ability is a qualification and hence a functional entity. An attribute or quality has no substance and therefore it is not a real entity. Energy, being a quality, it should naturally qualify some other real entity that can perform. Then, energy will be a measure of that entity’s ability to accomplish. Energy is a mathematical relation and an attribute of a real entity. Energy is always designated according to associated physical effect. Although it was not essential for the development of mechanics, the concept of ‘energy’ was vaguely introduced into mechanics by Galileo in the 17th century, in the form of ‘living force’. It came into prominence as the measure of capacity of work much later. Newton’s laws of motion recognize a relation between magnitude of external force on a body and the body’s acceleration. Comparison between spatial and temporal integrations of this relation established that “force is associated with acceleration of a mass, kinetic energy is the result of spatial integration of force, momentum is the result of temporal integration of force, energy is the measure of capacity to do work and power is the time-rate of energy transfer”. These definitions are derived from mathematical operations of empirical data, obtained from moving bodies. Since no logical mechanisms of action of a force, creation/development of work or transfer of energy are envisaged, they have no conceptual basis. Currently, scientists in general, consider ‘energy’ as the primary entity in nature. It is represented in a number of assorted types of functional entities, existing usually along with matter bodies and rarely without matter bodies. It has different forms and properties to suit diverse occasions. Although, energy has no substance or real existence, it is treated for all purposes as a real entity. It is assumed as a tangible entity that can affect matter bodies in all fashions by doing work on them. First type of energy recognized was kinetic energy. Notion of energy was progressively widened to include many other types of energies, each one associated with an apparent phenomenon. Towards the middle of 19th century, even the heat was concluded as a form of energy. Recognition of heat as a form of energy and the assumption that ‘energy can neither be created nor destroyed’ led to the ‘energy conservation laws’. The conception of energy continued to expand to include many other types of energies, like; electric, magnetic, chemical, etc. energies. Advent of relativity theory caused even the mass to be equated with energy. The undefined space is recognized as store-house for (flux or field) energy, from which exotic matter particles or their characteristic properties may be produced. Energy is considered as a transferable or receivable attribute (like a fluid) of a real entity. Energy associated with a body is assumed to reside about the body in the form of work-done. Mechanism of doing work is also unknown. Energy is usually associated with movements of real entities. Greater motion is understood to be associated with higher magnitude of ‘energy’. As, only real entities can be displaced in space, in classical theories, real entities were essential to bear or transfer energy. However, gradually, importance of this requirement is deteriorating. In few modern theories, energy is often associated with imaginary entities or sometimes the energy is assumed to exist independently in imaginary forms. Energy is considered as convertible to work or in some cases even to mass (vaguely suggesting a change in the matter content of a body). Currently, there are no explanations on energy’s form, structure, shape, existence, origin, working, etc. Nevertheless, ‘energy’ is often assigned independent physical existence in its own right. Work is often defined as integral of a ‘force’, acting over a distance. This indicates that the ‘force’ is the cause of work or the transfer of energy. ‘Force’ is the rate of work-done. Hence, by doing work, it is the work itself that is being transferred and not the energy. Energy, corresponding to the magnitude of work, is always present where the work is present. Energy, defined as the capacity to do work, is the work itself, available for transfer from one location to another. Work is required to change the state (of motion) of a real entity. Doing work on and about a real entity enables it to change its state (of motion) and at the same time develops/changes the real entity’s ability to do work on or about other real entities. Thus, it is seen that work on and about a real entity is the primary entity, which is being produced/transferred to or from a real entity. Energy is the result of presence of work about the real entity. This is generally considered as transfer of energy from one body to another. In reality, it is the work, which is being transferred from one real entity to another and energy is inherently developed along with the work. Energy is a shadowy entity, derived from and complimentary to work. Wherever work is present, energy of corresponding magnitude develops. This has caused the assumption that energy is the entity that performs the work. Due to energy’s assumed ability to be converted into work, it is also measured in the same units of work. Yet we have no accepted ‘mechanism of action’. It is this absence of a mechanism of action, which caused the functional entity of ‘energy’ to usurp the rightful place of real entity of ‘work’ in mechanics. ‘Hypothesis on MATTER’ advances a clear and logical mechanism of action. This mechanism is an extension of structure and properties of single type of basic matter particles, postulated in the concept. It shows the work as a real entity in the form of distortions in the otherwise homogeneous universal medium. Since the universal medium is structured by real matter particles, distortion in the universal medium by displacements of its constituents is real. Transfer of these distortions from one place or from one body to another is the work-done by the ‘force-applying body’ on the force-receiving body’. Wherever, distortions in the universal medium are present, its constituent matter particles are displaced from their stable relative positions and put the universal medium’s structure under strain. Stress in the strained part of universal medium is the energy. Since the work is proportional to the distortions, energy or stress in the region is also proportional to the magnitude of work. Work, in and about a body, confer it with its ability to do further work (on other bodies). Work is a real and tangible entity. Work is tangible in the sense that it is the magnitude of distortions in the universal medium. Energy is a functional entity that is inherently present wherever work is present. Unfortunately, since the universal medium is not directly observable by three-dimensional rational beings, work-done about a body remain obscure to us. As energy and work are complimentary to each other, energy may continue to be used to represent work. However, assigning the status of real and primary entity to work may have definite advantages.

Dear swansont, Thanks for timely Moderation. All real entities have definite structure. Properties of each type of superior body originate from the properties of their constituents and as modified by its peculiar structure. ‘Hypothesis on MATTER’ describes detailed structure, mechanisms of formation and stabilization of ‘primary matter particles’. An external pressure on these matter particles causes their expansion in size and reduction in matter/energy content. Generally, this is the cause of expansion in volume and reduction in weight (not widely accepted) of a macro body under heating. Energy content of a body is proportional to its matter content. Hence, a reduction in matter content is accompanied by reduction in energy content. Although mass of a body may represent its matter content in certain conditions, matter content and mass of a body are not equal or same. Depending on other parameters, mass of a body may change without changes in its matter content or vice versa. In free space, external pressure on a macro body and its constituent matter particles is least. Primary matter particles of such macro bodies will reduce to smallest possible sizes and have highest possible matter/energy contents. Temperature in free (outer) space is least. Hence, a free body in free space is understood as in its coolest state. Matter/energy contents, lost from primary matter particles, during heating or (gravitational) compression of a macro body are radiated in the form of low-frequency photons (heat rays). Frequency of radiation increases as magnitude of compression increases. This is the mechanism of heating a body under compression and radiation of energy/matter from very large macro bodies under gravitational collapse. Large planets give out infra-red radiations and stars give out radiations of higher frequencies, under same mechanism. Radiations from planets are never attributed to nuclear activities but radiations from stars are always attributed to nuclear activities. Basically, it is the matter which is being radiated and associated energy helps such radiations. Inter-particle gravitational attraction, during gravitational collapse of a large macro body, only aids to compress the macro body. Energy from gravitational collapse is in no way converted to radiations from the macro body. I regret these may not make much sense. Unless ‘Hypothesis on MATTER’ is analyzed in a sequential manner, starting from the basic postulation, its conclusions are likely to appear as absurd statements. This is the major obstacle; I face, in convincing physicists at least to review the book.

Dear swansont, As to falsification of my concept, let me quote from another of my posts. “Presently, scientists hold that the universe/world consists of distinctly different objects of diverse characteristic properties and then describe actions on them and interactions between them. Multiplicity of objects/particles enables possible falsification of any concept or theory. This property seems to be accepted as an essential prerequisite of all scientific theories. Nevertheless, note that this prerequisite is required only for those concepts/theories, which envisage more than one type of fundamental particles/entities. Therefore, if there is only one type of real fundamental particles/entities in nature, there is very little chance to falsify and relatively easier to verify a concept, based on them. This fact alone should not be a reason to make a concept, non-scientific. At the same time, if this concept (based on only one type of real matter particles) can logically explain all physical phenomena, it will be good physics. Regrettably, real matter particles, envisaged in my concept, are not physically observable by our present standards. This is not due to any of their deficiency, but because our three-dimensional-world-standards do not always suite them. They build entire universe as a single structure (no empty space) that provides for the existence and apparent interactions between superior bodies of diverse characteristic properties, noticed in nature.” My statement ‘Deuterons are major components of nuclei’ does not mean all nuclei are made up of deuterons or deuterons are the only constituents of nuclei. Only a universal frame of reference can give us the real parameters of a macro body. Parameters of a macro body, deduced in relative reference frames depend and vary according to reference used. A single macro body cannot have differing set of true parameters. These parameters with respect to relative reference frame are apparent and can be used only for certain purposes, for which they are designed. As an example: Linear speeds of matter bodies do affect some of their body-parameters. Such effects can be predicted only by ‘real linear speed’ of these bodies in space. Real linear speed of a body is relative to an absolute reference. A static universal medium that fills the entire space (outside 3D matter particles) can provide an absolute frame of reference. All parameters of a macro body, related to absolute reference frame, will be true.

Dear mississippichem, I began my first post by stating this is an alternative concept. You should not expect every one of my conclusions to confirm with your belief or present theories. If it was so, I would not qualify this concept as an alternative and place it in the section of ‘Speculations’. You are welcome to analyze and critically assess the concept and its conclusions. I may be right or I may be wrong in my deductions. You will be right to point out defects in my reasoning and deductions. It is not good criticism to ridicule without knowing even the basic outline of a new concept. If you are interested to know more about the new concept, its reasoning and logic of its conclusions; kindly address one point at a time. As far as possible, I will try to explain briefly. Then you may counter-argue to prove me wrong or to suggest corrections. I will prefer if you do not compare my conclusions with present beliefs till you have an overall idea of the concept. As far as I think, I have logical reasons for all the conclusions, given in my first post. All ‘well established beliefs’ need not be logical or true. An example: if asked ‘What is the shape of earth’s orbital path? Most people would answer ‘elliptical, around the Sun’. It is a well established belief, even among few astronomers. The reason often given, for such belief, is that ‘Kepler told so and Newton proved so’. At the same time, basic mechanics teaches us that no free body can orbit around another moving body in any closed geometrical path and an ellipse is a closed geometrical path.

Dear Mr.Skeptic, It is a very tall order Sir. It took about 200 pages in my book to explain creation and mechanism of a universal medium and further 100 pages to differentiate various types of ‘natural forces’ and mechanisms of their actions. In few more pages, logic of single type of common effort is concluded. I am sure you will pardon my inability to explain all details on efforts / forces and their unity in a short post. However, I will try to briefly outline the logic behind the reasoning, in few sentences. Matter is inert; it has no ability to act or move on its own. Hence, there is an external agency (universal medium) that may displace 3D matter bodies and generally causes all actions in nature. Universal medium is a real entity, structured by basic matter particles. It is in direct contact with all basic 3D matter particles. It is reasonably homogeneous and self-stabilizing. All its properties are derived from inherent properties of basic matter particles (only one type of postulated entity in this concept). Inertia is a property of universal medium due to its latticework structure. All actions, in 3D spatial system, are realized by motion or deformation of 3D matter bodies. (Deformation is displacements of various parts of a 3D macro body, in relation to each other). Inertia is a property associated with the motion of a macro body. Hence, any action that causes a change in the state of motion of a macro body is an inertial action. Various phenomena (which apply efforts on macro bodies) and their associated ‘natural forces’ may produce inertial action on a macro body. Mechanisms and actions of inertial actions are identical in all cases. Inertial actions produce (additional) work in association with a macro body. Variation in the magnitude of (additional) work, associated with a macro body, changes its state of motion. Force is the mathematical relation between inertial resistance (mass) associated with a matter body and the rate of change in its state of motion (acceleration). A mathematical relation (force) can not change its nature according to the phenomenon that causes it. Hence classifying ‘force’ into various categories is arbitrary. Whichever phenomenon (gravitational, electromagnetic, nuclear, mechanical, frictional, etc) is producing the inertial effort/action on a macro body, its mechanism of action, medium of action and observable result are identical in all cases. Hence, all efforts are identical and basically there is only one type of effort (or force associated with it). It is the inertial effort. Inertial effort could be produced by various phenomena. Detailed mechanisms, with respect to each of various phenomena, are explained in the book ‘Hypothesis on MATTER’.

Dear Mr.Skeptic, As is given in my first post, only one type of basic matter particle is postulated in this concept. All other real and functional entities are deduced from actions of these postulated particles. Characteristic properties of postulated particles are so chosen that actions of these particles can logically explain all physical phenomena in nature. List of deductions is given only to emphasize few of wide array of phenomena, which can be explained by this concept. Perhaps, the outline of the concept and brief explanations on various phenomena are already completed and published in the form of a book. Dear md65536 Thank you very much for the advice. From my past experiences, I am sure you are absolutely right. I realize the importance of mathematics. However, even after presenting a mathematical proof, certain conclusions are scoffed off because the conclusion is against main stream physics and the reader is not interested to understand the logic behind the concept, presented. For example; this concept shows that the magnitude of gravitational attraction between earth and moon (along the straight line joining their centers) is 2.3 times more than the magnitude of gravitational attraction between earth and sun (along the straight line joining their centers). This is the same relation between magnitudes of lunar and solar tides on earth. Reason for rejection is that this concept uses wavy shape of planetary orbital path instead of elliptical orbital path as given by Kepler's laws. While simple mechanics suggests that no free body can orbit around a moving central body in any closed geometrical path. Dear lemur, No, Sir. I said 'There is no action at a distance through empty space'. Not force! Then I said "Fundamentally, there is only one type of effort (commonly known as force) and it is of push nature. 'Natural forces' are different manifestations of this effort." This means an action is accomplished by universal medium applying an effort on matter bodies with which the universal medium is in direct contact. I expressed quite different opinions on gravitation from what you are suggesting. Kindly note that 'gravitation' and 'gravitational attraction' are different phenomena. No imaginary particles (like gravitons) are necessary for gravitation.

I beg to submit an alternative physical theory, ‘Hypothesis on MATTER’ for critical comments from learned members. Given below is a list of few conclusions by the concept. At first glance, many of them may appear to be bizarre speculation. But I can assure the reader that these conclusions are derived by postulating only one type of real entity and developing the concept strictly on ‘cause and effect’ relationship from the postulated particle. Since the topics covered in the hypothesis are many, for the present, the concept uses no mathematical proofs or derivations. If the concept seems to be plausible, detailed study will be continued. If at least few members show interest, we shall discus the concept step by step. To appreciate the chain of reasoning, it is necessary to follow sequential development of the concept from the postulated matter particle. The concept, in its full form, is currently available in a book of the same name. Part of the concept that deals mainly on the phenomenon of gravitation is available in a separate book as well. Matter is the sole real entity in nature. It provides substance for positive existence to all real entities, including an all-encompassing universal medium. In nature, matter exists in the form of ‘quanta of matter’. Quanta of matter are the only one type of entities, postulated in this hypothesis. All other entities and properties result from combination of quanta of matter and their inherent (postulated) properties. Universal medium has a definite structure and properties. It fills the entire space, outside 3D matter particles. It is a real entity and substitutes for the form-less space. All its actions have definite mechanism and take place by rearranging its constituent quanta of matter. All actions in nature take place through and by universal medium. There are no ‘actions at a distance through empty space’. An all-encompassing universal medium, which provides an absolute reference, exists in nature. It is a real entity and is made up of matter. It is inherently under compressed state. Fundamentally, there is only one type of effort (commonly known as force) and it is of push nature. 'Natural forces' are different manifestations of this effort. Gravitation is the result of push-effort by universal medium on matter bodies, present in gaps in it. Magnitude of gravitation is proportional to the extent of universal medium, applying the effort. Extent of universal medium between two matter bodies is always less than extents of universal medium on their outer sides. Gravitational efforts on outer sides of these matter bodies are greater than gravitational efforts on their inner sides. Resultant of gravitational actions on the matter bodies tends to move them towards each other. This appears to be gravitational attraction between the matter bodies. Gravitation is enormously stronger than other manifestations of effort. Gravitational actions create 3D matter, under appropriate conditions, from quanta of matter available during occasional local break-down of universal medium. Gravitation is the basis for all natural forces. Gravitational attraction is, relatively, a minor byproduct of dynamic gravitation. Currently, it is the only known property of gravitation. Static nature of gravitation is more important and fundamental. Work is a real entity and it is nothing but the magnitude of distortions (displacements of quanta of matter) in universal medium about a matter body. Action of an effort is transfer of work from one region of universal medium to another region. Force, power, momentum, mass, energy, etc. are mathematical relations (functional entities) related to work. Inertia is a property of universal medium. All efforts are recognized by inertial motions/deformations of matter bodies. During transfer of distortions in universal medium, 3D matter particles in the region are carried along with the distortions. This creates inertial motion of a body. Photons are the basic 3D matter particles. A photon has a disc-shaped matter core with associated distortions in universal medium about the core body. It moves at constant linear speed through universal medium and spin (about one of its diameters) at an angular speed proportional to its matter content. Associated distortions of a photon, in surrounding universal medium in any plane, has many similarities with electromagnetic waves. Matter core endows a photon with its corpuscular nature and associated distortions in universal medium confer electromagnetic wave-nature on a photon. Thus, depending upon the query, a photon has dual nature of being a corpuscle and an electromagnetic wave at the same time. Universal medium moves the photons (radiates light) at the highest possible linear speed. This makes the linear speed of light a critical constant and higher limit of linear speed in nature. An attempt to vary linear speed of a photon changes its frequency rather than its linear speed. Due to their motions, photons continuously lose their matter content and thereby reduce their frequencies. This leads to red-shift of photons’ frequency, in proportion to distance (or duration) traveled by them. Application of ‘Doppler effect’ on light and sound are quite different. Corpuscular nature of light (photons) can explain all phenomena of light. A photon, being a matter body, is affected by gravitational attraction. Due to its matter core, a photon has its mass and associated inertia. However, its linear speed cannot be affected by an external effort. Gravitation is ineffective on flat surfaces (straight perimeters) of 3D matter particles. A photon, being disc-shaped is affected by gravitation only on its curved circumference. Gravitational attraction between photons develops only when their disc-planes coincide. Gravitational attraction between two macro bodies is the sum of gravitational attractions between their constituent photons, whose disc-planes coincide at any instant. Numbers of photons, subscribing to gravitational attraction between two macro bodies, at any instant, are extremely few. This is the reason why, gravitational attraction appears to a feeble effort. A body gains energy and matter during cooling and loses them on heating. Heat is a process of losing energy rather than a form of energy. A macro body has highest matter and energy contents, when it is coolest and in free space. Under suitable conditions, high matter content-photons form all other superior 3D matter particles, which in turn, form macro bodies. Two complimentary photons, under suitable conditions, form a ‘biton’. A biton is a binary system of two photons, moving in common circular path and spinning about a common axis. It has a primary electric field about it. Two bitons, under suitable conditions, form a ‘tetron’. Bitons of a tetron have a common centre and are placed in perpendicular planes. Three bitons, under suitable conditions, form a ‘hexton’ (either an ‘electron’ or a ‘positron’). Bitons of a hexton have a common centre and are placed in three co-ordinate planes, perpendicular to each other. Spherical shell, formed by tetrons is a ‘neutron’. It is a critically stable, electrically neutral fundamental matter body. A fundamental matter particle with a spherical shell formed, under suitable conditions, by tetrons about a positron is a ‘proton’. Protons are mainly formed during pair-production, from tetron layers in free space. A fundamental matter particle with two spherical shells by tetrons, formed under suitable conditions, about a positron, is a ‘deuteron’. 50% of basic and fundamental matter particles created are anti-particles to the other 50% of basic and fundamental matter particles. Universal medium protects them from annihilating each other. Deuterons are major components of nuclei. Protons are rarely used in nuclei of superior atoms. A deuteron is currently counted as one proton + one neutron. Tetron shells of deuterons in contact (when they are parts of a nucleus), mechanically prevent their constituent positrons from coming in contact with each other, despite strong attraction between them. A positron has North magnetic poles at both its ends and has no well defined South magnetic pole. It has an electric field around its equator. It has attractive nuclear field. A positron attracts all other 3D matter particles. An electron has South magnetic poles at both its ends and has no well defined North magnetic pole. It has an electric field around its equator. It has repulsive nuclear field. An electron repels all other 3D matter particles. Nature of distortions in universal medium differentiates between various fields. Linear distortions represent magnetic field. Curved (circular) distortions represent electric field. Radial distortions (outward for repulsive and inward for attractive) represent nuclear field. Radially compressed distortions represent gravitational field. Traveling distortions associated with matter particles represent inertial field. Traveling distortions not associated with matter particles and cyclically varying in magnitude represent electromagnetic field, Permanent distortions, supporting atoms in opposite plates of a capacitor, represent electrostatic field, etc. An electromagnetic wave transmits magnetic nature of distortions in universal medium; electric nature of distortions is produced locally at the receiving body. Electric charges are relative references of an electric field. They are synonymous with magnetic poles of a magnet. Every electric field has both positive and negative electric charges. Mechanical stability of spinning nucleus is the sole criteria for formation of nucleus of an atom from available fundamental particles. Shape of a nucleus of an atom (in larger atoms) is tubular, with different girth at different sections. First electron, approaching a nucleus, causes spin motion of a nucleus. Electrons in a stable atom, orbit under central force provided only by gravitational attraction. Atoms of different elements have unique mechanical structure. Their properties depend on nature of distortions in surrounding universal medium. Integrity of a stable atom is very strong. No part of an atom may be removed from it unless excessive efforts are applied. No matter particles may be added to a stable atom under any circumstances. Uneven spin motion of mechanically imbalanced nucleus of an atom may cause radiation. Nuclei of very large atoms, being very long, are vulnerable to break the atom into two or more daughter atoms. There are no translational motions of fundamental particles during an electric current. Electrons or holes do not move along conductors. Electric current is extensions of electric field along a conductor. Electric fields are produced by atoms in place. Electric potential of an atom is the magnitude of deflection of its axis from stable direction with respect to axes of neighboring atoms. Electric potential spreads in both directions from induction/generation area. Single atoms cannot gain electric potential. Electric generation and electric induction are distinctly separate phenomena. Inertial action produced by interaction between two electric fields depends also on the distance between them. Attraction / repulsion between them reverse at certain distance between them. At greater distance, electric fields behave like magnetic fields, whose axes are 90° apart. Lightening is the result of breakdown of universal medium about the atmosphere rather than flow of electrons through atmosphere. There is no flow of electrons towards earth during thunderstorms. No planet can orbit around a moving central body, in closed geometrical path. Apparent planetary orbit around a central body may be used only to determine their relative positions. Wavy shape of orbital path can explain away mysteries of planetary motions. External effort on a linearly moving spinning body causes tides. Tides are mere changes in the shape of the body. There is no translational motion of ocean water during terrestrial tides. There is no work or energy involved with tides. Deflections of tides from local meridian are caused by curvature of central body’s path and directions of distortions in universal medium about the planet. Part of central force on a planet causes its spin motion. Every spinning planet accelerates in its spin motion. This ensures that no planetary system is perpetual. Slowing of terrestrial spin speed is a myth. Variation in the length of solar day is due to insufficient compensation. All planets about a central body come from outside the planetary system. Imaginary (very small) aperture through which planets enter their orbital path is situated in the equatorial plane of central body and faces to the rear of its path. Distance of the aperture from the central body depends on the parameters of planetary body. There are no 'singularities', ‘big-bang’ or 'big-crunch'. Matter cannot be compressed to less than minimum permissible size, in any spatial dimension. Under excessive compression, 3D matter bodies revert to fundamental particles or their constituent photons and radiate away. Interference with radiation of photons will revert their constituent quanta of matter into universal medium. Extent of universe is limited by ability of observer to gather information. On a larger scale, the universe is of steady state. Constant recycling of matter in different parts, maintains entropy of universe within limits. Electromagnetic interaction between their halos keeps stable galaxies away from each other by compensating gravitational attraction between them. Stable galaxies have no translational motions. Very large macro bodies radiate energy and matter (photons) by gravitational collapse alone. No need for nuclear fusion on stars for radiation from them. Terrestrial magnetism is formed by secondary-electric fields of free-floating atoms in planet's fluid surface. And many more….

Matter is inert. It has no ability to move or act itself. In order for an action to be possible about a matter body, there has to be an external agency that makes such action possible. External 'force' has to be applied on the body and there has to be a logical mechanism of action. 'Action at a distance through empty space' is not a convincing proposition. An entity that makes such action possible is an all-encompassing universal medium. This medium is constituted by matter and it fills the entire space. It has definite structure and causes all actions on matter bodies by definite mechanism of action. As this entity is static, homogeneous and isotropic, it can provide an absolute reference. If you can feel comfortable about form-less space and time doing mysterious expansion, contraction, wrapping, etc. without logical cause or mechanism, considering a well structured universal medium with logical mechanism of actions should not be difficult. If interested, kindly refer to http://www.matterdoc.info If you shift reference point from center of solar system to galactic center, you can view the real orbital paths of all planets and sun. They are wavy in shape and do not contradict mechanical laws. Same physical laws should govern same physical actions in all circumstances. Earth has wavy (real) orbital path about galactic center and elliptical (apparent) orbital path about center of solar system. Naturally same set of physical laws cannot be applied in both cases. Physical laws about which of these conditions describe real actions in nature?

Sun is moving in an orbital path around the galactic center, which is static in space. Unless it is for specific purposes, why should you take Solar system as a closed system? When you do so, it is an imaginary situation. Hence, it cannot show real orbital path of any of the bodies but it may show apparent orbital path, which may coincide with our observation.

Sun is a moving body. No free body can orbit around another moving body in closed geometrical path. (Stable galaxy has no translational motion). By relative frame of reference, planets moving around a static sun is simplest assumption that can provide their relative positions, accurately. However, by doing so, shape of real orbital paths are never considered and thus we misunderstand many phenomena, which are results of wavy-shape of planetary orbital path about curved path of central body. Sun has many planets and it has different center of mass while pairing with each of these planets. Which is the center of sun's orbital path? see http://vixra.org/abs/1008.0010

Every 'Astronomer' knows that the sun is a moving body. It is simple mechanics that no free body can orbit around another moving body in closed geometrical path. Yet why do every one say that earth orbits around the sun in elliptical path?