alpha2cen

Why light speed is constant? Are there any reason? Intensity and wave length are changed. But, we have not detected a light of different speed yet.

The annihilation is not high speed and high energy collision. It is simple proton--anti-proton attraction by electromagnetic force, and then proton -- anti-proton attachment by strong force, and finally annihilation reaction. If remaining energy is too high, electron- positron annihilation reaction will be suitable to describe mass, space and particle disappearing.

How can we describe proton anti-proton annihilation reaction? At the annihilation reaction space, mass and particles are disappearing, only energy are left.

How can we explain mass to energy conversion by using Higgs Boson concept? At the nuclear fission or fusion reaction mass defect occurs. Can we describe a mass conversion to energy by using Higgs concept?

The difference is like this. --->compress, heat release--->storage ---------------------------------------------------->evaporation or expansion----->heat absorption air:------------------------------- much more volume is needed to storage air ----using expansion--------------------heat absorption rate is slow :very large volume is required refrigerant:----------------------small volume is needed------------------------------------using evaporation(latent heat)---heat absorption rate is fast :small volume is needed if used energy is the same, i.e., Eair = Erefrigerant Air------------------large volume*small temperature difference Refrigerant--------small volume* large temperature difference But at the point of heat transfer large temperature difference is more good to use. This is heat transfer equation q= U A (dT)log average

The reaction for chemical cell is like this. (A) a chemical reaction loose proton + release electron || membrane transfer proton || (B) a chemical reaction obtain proton + absorb electron There are many possible reactions at the (A) and (B) reactions. (C )a reaction loose oxygen cation + release electron || membrane transfer oxygen cation || (D)a reaction obtain oxygen cation + absorb electron There are many possible reactions at the ( C ) and (D) reactions, too. The important thing is to find catalyst for such electron related reaction. And to find suitable membrane for this system is important , too.

At first oxidation or reduction reaction could be used as fuel cell chemical plant. Hydrogen or oxygen can easily tranfer through the membrane. In the past no one believed current fuel cell technology is possible. But time pass by every difficult problem is solved by researcher.

I mean the chemical cell - one of the fuel cell. Fuel cell final product is carbon dioxide and water. But chemical cell final products are the chemical components what we want to obtain. Till today we only use chemical reactor to obtain final chemical products. But in the future more advanced process we can obtain two kind, i.e., electric energy and chemical products. To do this more advanced membrane catalytic reactor is needed.

There are many chemical companies in the world. The chemical company use many chemical reactions for making products. And the chemical reaction is established by electron movement. How about using these chemical reactions for making electric power? I think fertilizer plant or petrochemical plant, e.t.c., are good source for extracting electric energy.

This is a good way. And very economic way. Self study is not easy. The difficult thing is we do not know where to go and where are we.

When light moves close to Black Hole the speed of the light might be affected. Does the speed of light change when light moves direct to the Black Hole? The speed of the light = C + CBH where CBH; the speed increment cased by Black Hole attraction Position : ---------- near Black Hole (high gravity)----------------------------->far away from the Black Hole(no gravity) photon property : high speed(C+CBH) --------------------------------------------the speed of light( C ), shorter wave length. We can detect short wave electromagnetic waves(gamma waves) near Black Hole through the space telescope.

Red shifted light from far away star also move faster than original speed of the light. The light speed is absolute light speed from the far away star = light speed + Universe expansion speed

I have just find something which is faster than light. After Big-Bang Inflation had occurred immediately in the Universe. So there is something faster than light at the very high energy state.

This is an approximate value. First, we set up a force balance equation about the balloon. We consider air as an ideal gas. Vballoon Loballoon air + mload +mballoon mass= Vballoon Loair(h) Vballoon{(MairP(h) ) /(R Tballoon) }+ mload +mballoon mass= Vballoon Loair(h) So Tballoon={ Vballoon Mair P(h)} / {R (Vballoon Loair(h) -mload -mballon mass) } The required heat energy is like this. Q =~ Vballon Loair (h) Cp air(Tballoon - Tair) + Qloss At the steady state Q/t = Qloss/t The required energy from the beginning is Q =~ Vballon Loair (h) Cp air(Tballoon - Tair) + Qloss/t ttravel

The cause of a cavitation is liquid to gas phase transform. At the low pressure caused by high fraction loss, liquid phase is changed to gas phase. This is an important problem for designing a good pump for liquid transport.

Why does people go to the exploration? And how do they obtain instruments for their adventure? To go exploration we require much money , I think, the alien would have the same problems. To obtain such energy to travel between stars, much resources are needed. So the rest aliens which is in their planet requires get some benefits against their pains. Then what is that benefits, it would be an information about the unknown would. Without such benefits the rest aliens would not offer their energy resources. I think they would not do such meaningless thing, i.e., no communication exploration to unknown world.

Physically important thing is a existence of communication tool which is more fast than light. If the aliens were not space orphan, they would require to communicate with their native planet. If there were nothing faster than light, they would have no reason to come here.

There is no energy - we generally think, i.e., no mass in the vacuum. But the empty space has a force to draw each objects in a very small distance.

Even at the absolute vacuum space Casimir force exists. No energy make such force.

What is the 0 energy system? 0K ? No mass? But gravity force can pass through it. And electro magnetic wave also passes through it. The system has a volume too.

We know many waves, i.e., matter wave (sound wave, earthquake wave, water wave), electromagnetic wave(light wave), gravity wave. And, we have tried to find Dark Matter. If so, are there other waves we have not seen or imagined yet? At the present we can not detect them easily like Dark Matter. We try to explain after Big Bang event by using matter, Dark Matter and Dark Energy concepts. But we detect only CMB. Other undiscovered phenomena would exist. Neutrino which was created by Big Bang , gravity wave, other small or big size particles and other unknown waves --- I suppose at that high temperature state other forms of wave would be exist . In the other case we can consider Black Hole. If nothing escape form it, there would be very very huge Black Hole exists in some region of the Universe. But we have not seen so huge Black Hole yet. I suppose some waves which we can not detect could be released from that Black Hole.

We do not know how difficult it would be. Let us think about well known Rutherford experiment, he uses gold as a target material. Gold is condensed matter as you know, very many molecules are condensed in a small place. But he had a difficulty to find it, because one 8000ths is a space of the nucleus in the atom. Very small amount of particles are collided with nucleus. At the normal experiment 0.01% signal is treated as experiment error. Then, how about Dark Matter case. It has very wick interaction with matter and we do not know whether it has condensed state or not. And then we do not exactly know where it is in the space.

This is the site. http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2008/apr/24/physics.sciencenews Resent U.S. scientists also found the clue of the WIMP existence signal. Have a look down side of the web page. http://www.fnal.gov/pub/today/archive_2011/today11-06-08.html

Current calculation E = (M_initial - M_final) C2 M_initial ; initial mass of fusion or fission reactant. M_final ; final mass of fusion or fission product. New calculation E=(M_initial system - M_final system) C2= ( M_initial - M_final - M_photon + M_photon released) C2 M_initial system ; initial mass of the system which contains fusion or fission reactant. M_final system ; final mass of the system which contains fusion or fission product. M_photon ; final photon mass of the system. M_photon released; photon mass which is emitted to the surround. Form new equation we can calculate system energy loss. At a star problem we can calculate the released energy by using this equation. It is the difference between the initial mass and the final mass of the star. It is not the mass difference between initial fusion reactant and final fusion product.

In the perfect vacuum, there is no molecules in it, and the vacuum has no surround objects, i.e., too far away from the heat sources. As CMB theory, it is about 4K. Which one is correct 0K or 4K? If a vacuum is 4K, how can we drop the temperature to 0K?