alpha2cen

The cells growing pattern is dependent on cell property, oxygen supply, nutrition supply, waste product removal and fluid dynamical environment, etc.. If this condition is not proper, cells will die. To improve these property, researchers develop many cultivation methods. Very simple method is to grow cells in the Petri-dish. But this method has big mass transfer restriction. One of the advanced methods is using a cell culture folder. The cell culture folder have many empty voids inside. And, to improve mass transfer, we make fluid flow through the cell culture folder.

This is an unsteady state heat transfer problem. The control factors are cup thickness, heat capacity and heat transfer coefficient. Thin thickness of cup wall makes heat transfer fast. High heat capacity wall makes heat transfer slow, specially under unsteady state. High heat transfer coefficient wall makes heat transfer fast. If you want to know the temperature variance with time, first, you set up a heat transfer equation contains these parameters, and solve it. More deep knowledge is in the "Heat transfer" book.

This site states us muonic atom naming. http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/73/2/0377/

If energy were infinite, we could not state the fractions of matter, Dark Matter and Dark energy in the Universe. The theory is based on the concept that the total Universe energy is finite.

Making vaccines is a biochemical process. This process requires high sterilization condition and highly purified separation. Recently developed process are mammalian cell culture method and insect cell culture method, these methods reduce egg allergy. And, the methods reduce the period from developing vaccine to producing it.

Making muon is not easy. It is required very big collider and much energy. The difficult step is to make muon, till now it's economy is not too high.

We have already thought about similar questions. But it is difficult to find absolute evidence. Here are the arguments. link deleted Give us a good opinion.

Statistical package using book is good for practical usage. And it is easy to understand. "Sampling design" book is good for knowing statistical abuse.

Computer science is not so difficult for science or engineering students, but it is not easy for other major students. We can drive car without deep knowledge of car. But we can not repair or design car without deep knowledge of the car. The deep knowledge is very difficult even computer majoring students. If you want to know car driver level about the computer, you can learn it by yourself. But if you want to know more deep knowledge about it, you would better go to computer class. It is the best way to get there.

Fusion and annihilation are major parts of nuclear reaction in the Universe. The reactions are like this. mpn (Deuterium)+ mpn(Deuterium)--------->m2p2n(Helium) mp(proton)+mp-(anti-proton)--------------------->0 where, m is mass. We can explain fusion reaction well. According to the current mass concept, how do we explain mass disappearing during the annihilation reaction? Particles mass are not easily disappearing immediately in the Universe. Then, is it right that we consider particle and antiparticle reaction as very special case in the Universe?

This is one of the useful field. It gives us more basic understanding of our mass world and Universe. But this concept is not clear before Higgs boson existence is proved. If Higgs boson exists, the minus primal mass can turn into plus inertia mass. massinertia=|massprimal| Antimatter can turn into matter. I have not heard about this phenomena before. Do you have any literature? The primal mass, i.e., anti-matter having minus primal mass is based on Dirac sea concept.

Thank you for good answer. I would like to calculate simple argon pressure slightly above the boiling point by using MD method.

Ideal gas law is simple and very useful for calculation of high temperature thin gas phase. To calculate real gas, one of simple simulation methods is molecular dynamics(MD) simulation. How to simulate very simple real gas phase? Can we do simple simulation at the PC?

The difference is fusion and annihilation explanation. current physics explanation fusion m(proton) + n(neutron)--------->(about m+n)(proton neutron nuclear) fitted well annihilation m(proton) + m(anti-proton)----->(about 2m) (others) 2m is not fitted Next step is required. Form E=mc2 , energy 2mc2 is released so remaining mass is 0. primal mass concept fusion m(proton) + n(neutron)---------->(about m+n)(proton neutron nuclear) fitted well annihilation m(proton) + -m(anti-proton)----->(0) (others) fitted well. We can easily calculate the remaining mass of fusion or annihilation reaction. At the complex fusion and annihilation reaction calculation, we can easily estimate the remaining mass by using primal mass concept. We do not fully understand anti-particle world. The matter Universe, i.e., proton, neutron and electron particle system is stable. We do not know whether anti-particle Universe is stable or not.

Closed to the light speed the mass becomes infinite. One good thing is we do not worry about the fuel problem, we can go anywhere by using very small amount of fuel. But bad thing is the space craft mass becomes infinite. We have to solve strange infinite problems.

Using mass concept, can we explain fission, fusion and annihilation perfectly? No matter how two particles make fusion, the particles do not disappear. How do we explain the mass disappearing at the annihilation reaction?

Sun's pressure is lower than the calculated valve without considering tunneling effect.

Primal mass definition. We can write particle and anti-particle creation reaction like this. vacuum +m particles + energy -----------> (vacuum - newly generated particle space) + (m +n) particles + n anti-particles Next we simplify the equation vacuum + energy ---------------> (vacuum - newly generated particle space) + n particles + n anti-particles From above reaction equation, when the total net energy to make the particles and anti-particles is E , we define the particle primal mass, 1/2n(E/C2) and the anti-particle primal mass, -1/2n(E/C2). The signal +- differences are the filled energy state above the vacuum and the empty energy state in the vacuum. And, the concept that the filled energy state above the vacuum and the empty energy state in the vacuum comes from Dirac's theory. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirac_sea vacuum mass 0 particle mass m anti-particle mass m vacuum primal mass............0 particle primal mass............m anti-particle primal mass.....-m

Using constant voltage electric source is good for this kind of test. When we use a battery, the battery capacity and chemical reaction rate affect the test result. When the resistance of the filament is small, much current flows. As the result voltage dropping phenomena occurs.

There are all summaries. m(photon)+m(anti-photon)=0 The test method is Higgs boson existence from collider experiment. Light has +- primal mass, but has not inertia mass.

Photon and anti-photon concepts are discussed on the main stream physics. But it have not been discussed that photon disappearing after colliding with other particles. To describe this phenomena we introduce new concept "primal mass". Photon has +1/2(E/C2) and anti-photon has -1/2(E/C2). When photons collide with other particles, photon and anti-photon are annihilated together, and make energy. Using this concept we can explain next photon problems. 1) Photon and anti-photon concept. 2) Photon disappearing after colliding with other particles. 3) Photon mass , i.e., everyone state that "why photon has no mass?". Particle and massless problem.

The problem comes from the beginning of the Universe. It is related to the creation of electron, proton and neutron at the end of the quark-gluon plasma creation. If electron mass were too high, it would not be easy to make present Universe. The reason is like this. 1) Low mass electron can move very fast, so it is easy to make molecules. Electron can easily move around very large area. 2) If electron mass were too high, the electron orbit diameter would be very small, and it would be easy to make fusion reaction with proton or neutron. 3) If electron mass were too high, energy distribution in the Universe would be very heterogeneous, and local energy distribution would be very heterogeneous . As a result , objects would be very unstable. Because heavy electrons have very slow energy transfer rate.

From the embryo cell, many cell devision make many kind of tissues and organs in the human body. All cells in the human body have same DNA code without sex cell. The differences is epigenetics, i.e. DNA methylation, etc. depress gene expression. Most precision way to know which DNA contribute to certain protein expression is looking at m-rna profile. Color related genes have been known already. Look at NIH web site.

The energy state is very high. Most of black holes we have seen is created from supernova explosion, i.e., very high energy state. So, I think, the state after Big Bang was some different high energy state from supernova explosion.

Fusion or fission energy state is related to nuclear stability. Unstable big atom is divided into small stable atoms, and we state it fission. Unstable small atoms are combined into more big stable atom, and we state the phenomena fusion.