Mike Smith Cosmos

. 4. ANTIBIOTICS. Well this is well and truly out of my field . Other than to understand the principle . Alexander Fleming was the man of Science , a doctor . Experiments . ( However yet again , another man figuratively falling out of bed onto a dead cat , and it being named " shroeniger cat " the most remembered phenomenon of Quantum behaviour " ) Alexanders experiment was left unattended , by accident . He thus then discovered Penicillin. An anti biotic that started a whole line of cures until today . Probably the most lucrative business within the medical profession . Mike . Maybe this is the way to make discoveries when you are not looking Alexander Fleming . Cannot be that long ago . My wife said just now , that she used to attend Alexander Flemming 's son Surgery , apparently a Doctor . Small world

Well that is fair comment , and no doubt , will , at some stage , but my life is fairly full one way or another . Something really 'weird ' happens as you get older and older , TIME , gets faster and faster , and faster and it goes by Wooosh ! Wooosh ! Zing ! And I get slower and slower ! It's a perception but true (none the less ) ! Mike

Well now , there is some interesting perceptions of scientifically inclined engineers , thinkers, researchers . It would be nice if everybody was in there own Box . Person A goes in to work . They are told " do something and research pure science and find something ! " Person B goes in to work . they are told " do something and Engineer a solution to person A's discovery Person C falls out of bed in the night , hits his head on a dead Cat and thinks up this amazing imaginary concept, metaphors , analogy ' willing suspension of disbelief ' which goes into science for a 100 years . But life is not so predictable amongst the human species, surely . That's what makes me walk by the canal with the dog , and ' think ' there is something very interesting going on here ? Mike

.Yes but where in a sequence of thinking or experimenting did Baird move from Science to Engineering ? He was no doubt thinking of Light , it's nature, reflections , detection of light by photocell, but to detect all at once? (?time ) no ! It would produce a mixture of signals no! ? But by scanning ? Yes and simultaneous displaying the same ? And somehow a scientist in his mind combines all these things to ' flip ' into engineering mode. While at the same time simultaneously thinking about the ' science to date ' of reflected images ( cameras) , light beams , photons , photocells . If I just ...... Etc Surely an inventor mixes pure science of nature with current availability of experimental equipment , or what new equipment he/ she needs to construct a test mechanism . Experiment . Then they build a model , and test the feasibility . Mike

Not sure what quite , you mean ? If I remember the story right , he first thought of this Idea of scanning the image ( which in principle we had up till about 10 years ago . I think he thought of a spinning wheel with holes in a spiral going towards the centre. Where each revolution , made one scan . Mike

Quite ! It is that journey from Maxwell to that first working model that surely will constitute the ' science journey ' that Baird and his assistant ( as he had one to go in the other room to be filmed ) on that first demonstration. See what I can find ! Clearly the apparatus , is the sort of thing that any scientific investigator would make as a prototype model. This would be made by the ' originator' . Mike

. But the man that brought the first working model to demonstrate was " John Logie Baird " Link :- http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/inventions-and-discoveries-of-the-twentieth-century/john-logie-baird-and-television/ See picture. Mike

.TELEVISION So in this case , we will need to go back to the beginning to track down the place ' science' has at the beginning of Television Mike

. Wow ! What a mixture . Of course it is all one thing , it is only us by OUR definitions that makes it a mixture ! I would suggest ! Nature is what it is . It is how we decide , define and divide up the disciplines , that makes it either Science, Engineering or Technology . By OUR , not NATURE's definitions. I think ? However as you have previously stated ' Definitions , are a pre requisite to serious discussion? Perhaps so :- So most of the 10 on my list . Are the finished technology . The engineering will have been mostly done in industry . The science is likely to have mainly been started, ( later developed ), in that early period . So if we are looking for an example of a true scientist in part .....we are .. ....looking for some grey haired old soul , having argued the point with his colleagues, scratching his head , walking up and down some canal , somewhere , with his Jack Russel , saying " eureka " . I think there could be ............ Mike Has any body seen this man , before , somewhere ?

Sand , quartz , silicon dioxide Link :- https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand Can't get much more basic science than that ! We could go into the structure of the semiconductor , I suppose ? " Silicon Valley " ? , Control . That's what you need to deal with ;information. ; Numbers . ; electrical signals , binary states ( 0,1) . Switches , relays , valves . ........ Then someone discovered Silicon., at least they knew it was there! Our continental crust , that we walk about on is mainly silicon and aluminium molecules.mixed with various other rock materials , Both will conduct , but Silicon was found to be able to be ' switched ' . on or off , Binary , sounds a bit computer orientated. But it had to be discovered , how to switch with silicon ? By refining it , purifying it, and ' doping it ' Mike

Well if the definition of science is ." The intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment. " "systematic study of the structure and behaviour of through .......observation and experiment. " " structure and behaviour" Surely the operation of the internet , the computers, the semiconductors that these depend on , are all scientific phenomenon , which unless we understand and harness their structure and behaviour , then:- No computers , no micro processors, no silicon ( memory x mega, giga ), no fibre optics , no internet . So the INTERNET ( it's hardware ) depends almost in its entirety , on the STRUCTURE and BEHAVIOUR of nature . ( silicon) By understanding its evolution , and the financial and developmental possibilities , it assists in provisioning us with a much clearer understanding of this area of science . Teased out over this period 1970- 2000 If there had not been an internet , there would not have been the funds to do the scientific research in microprocessors and the structure of silicon and doping so necessary for semi conductor operation . The structure and behaviour of semiconductor material , must be one of the most influential science applications of all time ! Surely? The world is full of sand ! Mike

During the 1960's , from my experience , ( working for one ) , large companies , had their individual installed main frame computers , occupying 2or 3 rooms . Large disc drives like washing machines , Ampex high speed tape recorders , hard memory with magnetic cores , and input punched cards or punched tape. Output by printers the size of a rack .( making the sound of a machine gun , when printing . I do not think there was any networks , at this time. I remember as an apprentice , on my motor cycle taking punched cards from one location to another by motor cycle. It was mainly the very large companies , and universities. There was a lot of machine code floating about , with fortran and pascal on smaller computers in universities. Then somewhere along the 1970's as computers came more manageable ( everything in one modest room ) networking around the factories and business started to appear . ( I think the operating protocol/ software was UNIX ) . Then , because computers were talking to one another 'protocols ' of communication were adopted . ( handshaking , speeds etc ) . In the U.k. British telecom started placing node computers about the country LINKED , but few commercial users took up the facility. This was probably similar to the time the educational establishments and ministry of defence were setting up there own communication protocol. The British telecom network was called PRESTEL. A major user were the Travel agencies , and this facilitated being able to go into a high street travel agent and they would book your holiday via Prestel. I got involved at around this time . I was making interconnection cables . I went to London to meet Prestel , they said there was a ' chicken and egg situation , " which comes first the users or the information providers " . This was a pressure for networks , and network users. Both were needed! This coincided with IBM becoming not only a computer mainframe manufacturer but also a PERSONAL COMPUTER. In parallel with this a host of small home computers appeared for sale , all with different operating systems . IBM wanted a disc operating software system for there new IBM Personal Computer . Bill Gates won the contract and thus because of the volume of IBM PC,s The operating system for stand alone Pcs was :- Microsoft Dos ( disc operating system) . Over this period 1970-1985, small home computers proliferated, some with different operating software, but ultimately with either MS Dos or the Apple system . Once standardised like this , it was set for computers to talk to one another all over the country and indeed all over the world. And so the men/ women named in the link quoted in the previous post , used there software skills ( possibly for other reasons, say the organisations that wanted to link for information purposes. ) , to set up some of the first ( internet links ) . There was two additional requirements of a more mundane nature, ( the interconnecting leads for all these personal computers and printers , and some form of ' modem' ( to translate cables language to computer language ) . I got involved with this mundane side by helping in design and manufacture in both modem and cables . The use of the internet as it had become in its infancy , tended to be , company to company , university to university , government to government , but gradually with all the PC's ending up in people's homes for other reasons like Games, letters , data storage., the internet users became very numerous as did providers . The chicken and egg problem was solved , users and providers appeared together. ( in their millions / today billions ) . And so( since the turn of the century ' 2000' ) it has proliferated ever since , to where we are today with Lap tops , I pads , I phones as well as billions of PC ' s in companies world wide , all communicating via the INTERNET . I hope that gives an external , yet to some extent very much , involved , view of the growth of isolated Mainframes to internet links all over the world . Mike

. Unless the person is truthful ,of course. Then it is WYSIWYG. WHAT YOU SEE IS WHAT YOU GET Submitted by Gerald

.Excellent . A gem of a find ! Well , it was sort of a mist . Bits and bobs from lots of different directions , contributions on the way . Very good link though , I must say . Just what was ordered. Link :- http://www.history.com/topics/inventions/invention-of-the-internet However , I will give a short recount from a citizens perspective , who was not privy to all that transparency at the time , during those years . I was there , but saw all this from a civilian and business perspective . Mike

Warnings on today's news . By an Organisation. Can it perform what is necessary . Mike

. 2. The INTERNET . It seemed to appear out of the mist . I was there so I can give a ring side seat view . Like other things , it came out of a number of different directions and requirements . A number of people and organisations, struggled with inadequate facilities , and a number of people thinking and experimenting with , what could be done about it.

.Yes well of course ! Michael Faraday, ( played around ) experimented , with magnetic and electric fields with motors with various experiments . And in fact discovered and demonstrated the principles of the the Electric Motor that we know today. ( As well he started to look at , the issue of field lines coming out of a spinning bar magnet cutting an attached disc of conductor ') in fact he speculated that one should be able to derive an electrical potential ( ie a generator ) between a circumference Pick up , and a centre pick up . As the field lines are static , not turning with the magnet turning . But he ran out of time and died ! Link to Electric motor and Faraday's contribution :- https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motor#Early_motors Ps --------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ---------------- At least I have the same name . Great stuff ! Do some more ! I am exhausted ! Eek " But he ran out of time and died ! " Mike -------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------- --------------------------- Now. (2) .. ....... ......... ...... THE INTERNET. ....... .........

. I will now take the 10 major INVENTIONS for civilisation over the last 100 years . (20th Century+) Identify the SCIENCE BEHIND the main aspect of each invention. See WHO mainly thought up the original version and HOW SCIENCE WORKED Around this invention . -------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ------------------------------- --------------------------- Invention. ..1 RADIO. 2 INTERNET. 3 TELEVISION. 4. ANTI-BIOTICS 5. SUBMARINE .6. ROCKETRY 7 AUTOMOBILE 8. AEROPLANE 9. PERSONAL. COMPUTER 10. NUCLEAR POWER ------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ---------------------------- Mike.. Ps Please make any comments or criticism as we go along . Or take over one invention and do all the aspects of that invention . Or just deal with one aspect ( like who first thought of the idea ) , the I or others will carry on . 1. RADIO covered previously with Maxwell composing the Equations , Hertz doing the science experiments . And Marconi developing the Engineering and commercial realisation . The story of the maxwell equations , do. Not start with him . Although he was trying to unify electric and magnetic fields into ( Electro-Magnetism ) he was preceded by Gilbert' s and Faradays work on Electric Fields , Ampere and Gauss, doing work on Magnetism .( From 1540 - 1820 . ) Maxwell wanted to combine or integrate, them all in a set of Equations which in so doing . Would describe mathematically ELECTRO MAGNETISM . He used functions of Divergence and Curling . To produce his 4 equations that combined all the ingredients . In so doing a Speed Emerged ! This happened to coincide with the Speed of light measured earlier . He thus deduced Light was an Electro- magnetic. Wave . As was the newly discovered Electro - Magnetic ( Radio Waves ) . These Radio Waves were experimentally discovered by Hertz , and expanded to become Marconi's Radio waves . Demonstrated by his famous transmission across the Atlantic Ocean to America . See previous post . And links - Faraday :- https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Faraday Maxwell. :- https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell Hertz :- https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Hertz https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi# For Maxwell equations See link:- https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell%27s_equations#Flux_and_divergence Mike

Yes , I can see Marconi being the engineer and entrepreneur where Hertz did more development ( getting the accolade of having Frequency , named after him ) .Note picture with some spark Gap , Marconi original transmitter , trans Atlantic radio( with Marconi) Link :- to Marconi https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi# Link to Hertz :- https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Hertz Other inventions of the 20th century requiring scientific invention Link :- http://www.toptenz.net/top-10-inventions-of-the-20th-century.php It's interesting , reviewing those 10 inventions of the 20 th century . The science gets done ,up front , by Physicists , mathematicians , experimenters . Then the engineers come along afterwards and refine the ideas for human consumption. Mike

Although Maxwell laid a basis for radio communication , it was Hertz and Marconi who developed it in practical devices With the development of transmission across air/ space firstly by sparks as a source being detected by coherence receivers . By (Hertz ) This later moved to oscillating electrical current in a coil and capacitor combination, joined to a wire aerial . By ( Marconi ) As time progressed the frequency of oscillation moved right up the frequency Band from long wave ( 1500 meters wavelength or less , used on early radios right up to Microwaves up at ,giga hertz frequency . This technology of course services our present society, including radio, TV, and wi fi internet. Worldwide. Mike

Well I do not know . I was asking , whatever it is , you are quoting , as you have not been telling me what maths you are quoting is? I then have suggested that , because there is a tendency to build proof by looking for dependancy of one effect being based on another , that whatever maths you are saying, (" but there's nothing on that scale that's quantized. " ) Does that include any influences of a systemic nature ? I am trying to cover all options . , similarly does it include Surface Tension, I should imagine it does ? Mike

I am not sure which maths , you are saying " there's nothing on that scale that's quantised " if you are talking on the subject I am supposed to moving away from , the comment I would make is as I have just made in the previous post , namely " I think there has been a concentration on the precision of maths as it has build models of everything from the smallest particle upwards . I do not think it is 'as accurate or useful ' in the development of understanding when it calls for ' wholistic 'objects ( or systems for that matter ) Wholistic ref :- https://en.m.wikiped...istic_reference. " However , I have to admit I do not know the maths you speak of ? Perhaps it is a system type analysis. Which includes all the relevant influences on movement ? All the variables ? Mike

You are right , I am sure , for modern physics . I was hoping to pick up on some 'droppings ' which might have got missed along the Way. I am sure Science has not ' Trawled ' everything up as it has swept through the 20 th and 21 st centuries I think there has been a concentration on the precision of maths as it has build models of everything from the smallest particle upwards . I do not think it is as accurate or useful in the development of understanding when it calls for ' wholistic 'objects Wholistic ref :- https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wholistic_reference Mike

My evidence would be , if I can find my book on Scientists and inventors over the centuries. There is probably no picture of Maxwell , that I can remember . He is there as one of the Great men of science ,But there are pictures of Herz lab and Marconi in his lab both covered in pieces of partly made up equipment . I had to do maths for my various studies , lots of maths , mind bending maths . But I can't say its my favourite pass time . And I think my brain has been permanently damaged by maths . I personally prefer the Observation, the thinking and the experimental And hypothesising , aspect of the process of How science works . I could possibly follow the maths , and get a nasty headache in the process , but Everyman to his own skills . Mike

.Very orderly I am sure . At least you make it sound . Very orderly . My suspicions are Maxwells home was very orderly . ( Perhaps a Copy of Young's work on wave fronts of light , sitting in his book shelf , and Newton ' Principea ' ) Hertz's lab and Marconi's lab was in a right state , with wires and coils and spark gaps and Leyden jars , all over the place . ( wires hanging out the window , connected to kites . Etc perhaps the odd Jack Russel dog running about ) Mike