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Thanks for the reply J.C MacSwell. Gravitationally what's the difference between relativistic mass and rest mass?

It was observed that the velocities of stars did not decrease as you move away from a galaxies center and that the luminous mass did not create enough gravity. Originally this effect was written off as the galaxy absorbs light and planets and asteroids which do not create light would account for the missing mass. It turns out they do not and the missing mass problem became known as dark matter. The theory that some matter only interacts gravitationally and has helped form and shape galaxies. I have a few questions: Does an object which spins gain mass due to kinetic energy? Can relativistic mass cause gravity? I was thinking of this problem and wondered about relativistic mass of the galaxy due to rotational and translational kinetic energy of the components of the system. Some kind of emergent property of interplay between mass, kinetic energy and gravity. As you move quicker you gain more mass which increases gravity and then you go quicker... etc.

Carvone is correct you need to look up elution gradients for resolution of the peaks. Trial and error.

Ok I will take a shot: Step 1. Ask a science forum how to revenge against someone. Step 2. Copy best answer and end up Facebook embarrassing them...

A person with albinism will not have an affected fight or flight response. The reason is tyrosinase converts tyrosine to melanin a pigment compound. Tyrosine Hydroxylase a different enzyme is responsible for converting tyrosine into L-Dopa and subsequently the catecholamines.

Not to mention genetic factors, especially in the case of stomach ulcers. I remember hearing that the majority of the population carry helicobacter pylori in their stomachs and are asymptomatic. Genetics/environment/stress, pretty much involved with every ailment.

This doesn't sit well with me for a few reasons. Firstly, where do you draw the line between a legitimate disorder of cognition and one's tendency to act in a certain way? Will Ad(h)d pass this test? Secondly, is there such a thing as a mental disorder? A quick search for definition seems to have cognition and impaired ability to cope in society as the main points for what constitutes a disorder of the mind. A solipsistic point of view would lead me to say "no". However medications which do significantly alleviate some "mental disorders" leads me to "yes", which is ultimately anecdotal evidence as we do not have a comprehensive biochemical theory for the mind yet. If medication causes an increased overall quality of life for the individual does it matter whether or not the prescription is ethical/moral? This seems to me at least that it is moral as long as the long term affects are manageable and clearly outlined to the patient. Which brings me to thirdly, the long term affects of amphetamine administration is: brain shrinkage, invagination of 5-HT receptors, increased blood pressure and the development of AD(H)D among other things. Basically amphetamine dependence, seems to me big pharma!? big pharma 101 -Convince people they have a disease which is undesirable. (alopecia, acne, depression, AD(H)D. etc.) -Convince these people that there is a solution to their issue. -Convince people that the solution is reasonably priced.

Troponin levels elevated? If not you can rule out HF.

Graph it? Plot it roughly if need be, the relationship should become apparent.

Disease-modifying antirhematic drugs (DMARDs) is a class of drugs which are unrelated except that they have been found to treat rheumatoid arthritis. These drugs are by and large discovered by chance. Essentially what happens; a patient with rheumatoid arthritis is prescribed a drug for an unrelated condition to thier arthritis and notices alleviated RA symptoms. The doctor may conclude that the drug does treat RA. The mechanism for the drug may be well established for what it is specialized for, but will also begin to protect bone and cartiledge in patients with RA with unknown mechanisms. The symptoms are not merely masked but RA will actually begin to reverse, hence, "disease modifying." If you want to know more about this class of drugs: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMARDS

Making ethanol a gel to consume? BAD idea, I once did this with jello, lets just say it was super nasty and drinking it is much easier....

Sorry Kaeroll, I have no idea... I am not really interested in the cognitive performance of sleep deprived individuals after being dosed with amphetamine, although there are many people who are, and the papers to prove it. I am more interested in the medium term psychological/physiological affects. It seems little research has been done in this area. When I do find a decent article it is usually comparing "Hardened" street users who have used who knows what over the years, and who obviously have poor descision making skills if they use street amphetamine in the first place compared to control subjects who don't use amphetamine. The results are always "Using Amphetamine for a prolongued period of time or at extremely high doses sustained for days on end does damage..." or along those lines to paraphrase. I am more interested in the use of amphetamine as a study aid; responsibly. Anyone here have any experience, with a collegue perhaps? I don't want to have to become a smoker for a nicotine high, and caffeine does not have the old kick it used to. Also I don't really find either of those drugs appealing.

Wouldn't the adrenal gland produce more adrenal medulla (modifies neuronal cells) if you were to get it removed?? To answer your question, the adrenal medulla is only part of the adrenal gland, although it is the principle site for conversion of tyrosine into epi, norepi and dopamine, its not the only site, I am sure. How long does it take for reserves of catacholamines to become depleted? Or maybe you would keel over I don't know... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_medulla http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/A/Adrenals.html

Thanks Dr. DNA I thought it was something of the like. Behavorial differences. I am not an MD or an expert in ADHD, but how does one go about diagnosing? I imagine a push from the teachers... Is ADHD an umbrella term? I am curious as to the use of cognitive enhanceing drugs in the academic setting. I am surprised at the lack of response, is this sort of subject taboo?

Here is one which is 48Hrs administration of stimulant followed by another 12 hours http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2742729 This one is 64 hours of continuous cognitive work http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/121643063/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 I have to run but there are many. Google scholar.