weknowthewor

I think the below url can help you out: http://www.plmsc.psu.edu/~www/matsc597/vectors/index.html

But we should know diff styles of bonsai: There are many different styles of bonsai, but some are more common than others. These include formal upright, informal upright, cascade, semi-cascade, raft, literati, and group / forest. * The formal upright is just as the name suggests, and is characterized by a tapering trunk and balanced branches. The informal upright is much like the formal, but may bend and curve slightly, although for aesthetic quality the tree should never lean away from the viewer. * Cascade and semi-cascade are modeled after trees that grow over water or on the sides of mountains. Semi-cascades lean just over the rim of the pot where as cascades fall below the base of the pot. * Raft style bonsai are bonsai which mimic a natural phenomenon where a tree that has been toppled (typically due to erosion or another natural force) begins to grow a new root system out of the part of the trunk that is in contact with the ground. Raft bonsai are typically planted with the original root system still intact and in contact with the soil. The bark on the underside of the trunk is trimmed off until the smooth wood underneath is visible; this wood is then placed in contact with the soil and, typically, the trunk is buried either immediately or over time. This group of bonsai can include many other styles such as sinuous, straight-line, and group planting styles. These all give the illusion of a group of trees, but are actually the branches of a tree planted on its side. * The literati style is the hardest to define, but is seen often. The word literati is used in place of the Japanese bunjin which is a translation of the Chinese word wenren meaning "scholars practiced in the arts". The literati style is usually characterized by a small number of branches typically placed higher up on a long, contorted trunk. Literati bonsai often have the base of the crown beginning at a height lower than an S-shaped trunk bend, and the primary branch growing from below the S-bend, leading down and outwards with graceful sweeping lines. Their style is inspired by the Chinese paintings of pine trees that grew in harsh climates, struggling to reach the light of the sun. * A group or forest bonsai display is, as the name suggests, a number of bonsai (typically an odd number if there are three or more trees) placed together in a pot. Typically the number of trees in a forest style display is fifty or less, though there is no formal limit. The trees are often the same species and are styled accordingly; although group or forest bonsai tend to contain smaller trees (which would be classified as mame style bonsai if they were planted alone), larger trees may be used. Additionally, bonsai are classed by size. There are a number of specific techniques and styles associated with mame and shito sizes, the smallest bonsai. These are often small enough to be grown in thimble-sized pots,[citation needed] and due to their minuscule size require special care and adhere to different design conventions. gr8 info on bonsai!!!!!!

I know the following relationship between them : Two categories of cells make up the mammalian body, germline and somatic cells. In genetic engineering, changes only to the germline can pass to the next generation. The germline starts as the fertilized egg, or zygote. This cell divides into a cluster of physiologically identical blastomeres which form a hollow ball called the blastocyst. Several days later the dividing cells become differentially committed to form particular parts of the embryo. One group of cells, is set aside very early from the embryonic yolk sac to continue the germline, migrating to the gonads (testes and ovaries) and later form the gametes (sperm and eggs, which pass their genes to the next generation). Somatic Cells make up the rest of the body. Changes to their genes do not pass to the next generation. Indeed, a central tenet of Mendelian genetics, the Weissman boundary, asserts that nothing that happens to the somatic cells or tissues of a mammal will have any effect whatsoever on the genetic information transmitted to its offspring. Many research laboratories are currently able to inject DNA successfully into fertilized eggs of frogs, mice and other mammals, but at this time all gene therapy in humans introduces DNA only into somatic cells. If germline gene therapy is ever perfected it will have certain advantages over somatic therapy because changes could be incorporated into every cell of the body, even those inaccessible to somatic techniques. Of course, with germline therapy geneticists would have to incorporate effective genetic control sequences along with the transgenes to ensure that they were expressed only in the intended cell types at the intended times. Germline engineering would have the distinct disadvantage, however, that its genetic modifications would be applied to the first cell of the embryo and hence (unlike somatic engineering) could not possibly be used to address problems later in adults. Two stages of the germline are suitable for genetic engineering, the released egg, (before or after fertilization with sperm (when it is known as a Zygote) and cells at the developmental stage of blastomeres, which are the cells into which the egg divides during cleavage. Both the egg and blastomeres have attractive features for genetic engineering. The egg is a very large cell, relatively easy to manipulate and inject with DNA. Remarkably, if DNA is injected into an egg, it will often stably integrate into one of the chromosomes, and therefore be incorporated into all subsequent cells of the body. But, complications can arise. Sometimes a segment of DNA introduced into a fertilized egg will not become integrated into a chromosome until after the egg divides. Then only some of the cells of the embryo will contain a copy of that DNA. That resulting animal will be a mosaic of modified and unmodified cell types. Also, several copies of the introduced DNA can become integrated into different chromosomes. In this case different genotypes will segregate during subsequent generations. In order to obtain a stable new strain, several generations of descendants must be examined and animals with correct genotype selected. The blastomere stage is especially convenient for genetic engineering because lines of cells at this developmental stage can be grown and manipulated in the test tube. These cells, called embryonal stem (ES) cells, can be propagated indefinitely in cell culture. One or several ES cells can be injected into a blastocyst (obtained by culturing a fertilized egg for several division cycles in a Petri dish) and then implanted in a surrogate mother. Both types of cells in the hybrid blastocyst can contribute patches of cells to the final adult animal. This holds for both somatic and germline tissues. The resulting animal is therefore a mosaic or chimera; an individual composed of a mixture of genetically different cells. The genotypes of the two types of cells remain distinct, they do not blend. Thus, individual sperm or eggs may be derived from either the ES cells or those of the fertilized egg. In the former case, the resulting progeny has the genetic constitution expected if the test tube of cultured ES cells had been one of its parents. Embryonic stem cells have many advantages for genetic engineering. A culture of millions of identical cells can be treated with a DNA preparation. Once a suitable selection scheme is devised, a cell altered in a particular way can be plucked out from the huge excess of cells that integrated their DNA in inappropriate ways or at inappropiate locations on the chromosomes. It can be grown into a large homogeneous population whose genotype can in analyzed in detail. Concievably this culture can be subjected to a second round of genetic engineering, a third, fourth and so on. In addition, viable samples of the cultures can be preserved for long periods of time by freezing, and any number of mosaic embryos can be constructed from these engineered cell lines. Finally, the source of the egg used to obtain the blastocysts into which the ES cells are placed will not affect the final engineered animal. Eggs can come from "any old breeding stock". Many of these same advantages also apply to technological extension that uses nuclear transfers. Instead of introducing the cultured cells into a blastocyst, the nucleus of one cultured cell is substituted for the nucleus of a fertilized egg. This technique has not been used extensively by genetic engineers but its spectacular recent use in producing clones of animals with identical genotype has sharply increased interest in it. One advantage is that an animal with the genetic constitution of a cultured cell can be obtained in one generation. Another is that cultures of a wider variety of cell types probably can be used. Some selection procedures may be easier to carry out on cultures of cells more differentiated than ES cells. The technique of nuclear transplantation pioneered to produce genetically identical clones may find its greatest importance in engineering changes in genomes. Germline genetic engineering is still in its infancy. Already, however, it has been important for producing a variety of types of specially altered animals. Some examples are: o Cows with elevated milk production. o Sheep which synthesize a valuable hormone or enzyme in the udder and secrete it into the milk. This is an especially convenient source for purifying large scale amounts of medical products. o "Knock-out" mice with specific genes inactivated for use in analyzing their function. o Mice with a genetically engineered deficiency which mimics some human disease. These mice have provided an important approach for developing treatments of diseases. Geneticists are rapidly expanding their bag of techniques for genetic engineering and their knowledge about the genetic basis of disease. Considering this unprecedented growth in genetic understanding, any serious consideration of future options in medicine should not exclude the possibilities of human germline engineering.

plz. reply..

Ya.. Human cloning is not the correct way out.. But to do it for what purpose? It's not a tp... so it is the topic to be thought of seriously...

I have the following link which is nice to understand : http://www.molbio.princeton.edu/courses/mb427/2001/projects/09/SCtutorial.htm

Please write up here...

I have following details of CO2 effects on atmosphere : First don't assume that all Carbon Dioxide is bad and should be curtailed. In fact, Carbon Dioxide is essential to life itself since it forms a part of the natural cycle called the Carbon cycle. Carbon Dioxide is an essential ingredient in the photosynthetic process of plants CO2 + H2O + sunlight -----> glucose(sugar) + Oxygen In order for nature to supply this carbon dioxide it must be produced by respiration which both plants and animals undergo: glucose + Oxygen ------> CO2 + H2O As long as other intervening factors do not insert themselves, this balance is maintained. Unfortunately, industrialization and deforestation (to name only two factors) have contributed to an imbalance resulting in a gradual increase of the total Carbon Dioxide in the atmosphere. Many industrial processes involve the combustion of fossil fuels such as coal and petroleum fuels. In addition, a more sinister product of incomplete combustion occurs when the combustible fuel does not receive enough Oxygen gas. This product is Carbon Monoxide. It is considered toxic. The effects of the toxicity will depend upon the concentration and length of exposure. The symptoms of mild toxicity are nausea, headaches, irritability. Chronic toxicity will result in loss of consciousness, and eventually death. The reason Carbon Monoxide is so dangerous is because it has a complex with Hemoglobin that is more stable than the complex formed between Oxygen and Hemoglobin. With the presence of Carbon Monoxide, Oxygen is blocked from forming the hemoglobin complex. This prevents the Oxygen from reaching the body's cells resulting in oxygen depletion. Eventually at higher concentrations the brain cells have Oxygen depletion and loss of consciousness, coma, and eventually (if not corrected) death. The only reversal to this condition is to reach the victim in time and to administer large doses of Oxygen rich air into the victim's lungs. This could have the effect of reversing the favorable Carbon Monoxide complexation with Hemoglobin. In addition, man's desire to develop land without replacing the natural plant resources that must be removed for land development has resulted in a substantial reduction in the number of trees on the earth. A tree undergoing photosynthesis will be a major contributor to reducing the carbon dioxide and replenishing the Oxygen supply. Removal of these trees will slowly have an effect by increasing the Carbon Dioxide in the atmosphere and decreasing the Oxygen. A phenomenon known as desertization (creation of deserts) occurs as a side effect when forests are destroyed. It is said that the great Sahara Desert was once a lush green area. Both industrialization, use of the internal combustion machines and deforestation will increase CO2. What effect does increased CO2 have? It will affect our sea levels and our weather patterns and could ironically introduce a new ice age prematurely. This is sometimes called the greenhouse effect. The CO2 increase in the atmosphere will result in more radiation remaining on the earth. This increase in Infrared energy will have a warming effect on the earth's surface over a period of time. This is gradual to be sure, but it really does not take a real large increase in the body temperature of the earth to cause the ice caps to begin melting at a faster rate. This will do at least four things: * 1. It could increase significantly the sea levels on the coastal regions thereby flooding all coastal regions and changing the land mass area significantly. This would affect many world centers negatively. * 2. It could decrease the ice caps thereby reducing the ability of the ice caps to reflect further radiation out into space. * 3. It could increase the water surface area and the amount of liquid water which will absorb more energy causing a counteractive "cooling" trend (ie:ice age phenomenon) * 4. It could alter the weather patterns thus changing the weather zones. The tropic zone will move north. The temperater zone further toward the poles. This could result in a further reduction in the polar ice caps.

Some of the effects of pyramid are: food kept under the pyramid will stay fresh for two to three times longer than uncovered food.Artificial flavorings in food will loose their taste, but natural flavors are enhanced. The taste of foods change; they become less bitter and acid. When we take a spectrographic reading of the treated item, it will show a change in the molecular structure. The pyramid will dehydrate and mummify things, but it will not permit decay or mold to grow. There is also a slowing or complete stopping of the growth of microorganisms. Kirlian photographs of human sublects show the aura to be significantly brighter after a 15-minute exposure period. Reactions to pyramid environmentsare : Persons living inside of a pyramid home; working within a pyramid building, or those who meditate within or sleep under a pyramid framework; or those who sleep above small pyramids aligned in series placed under the bed, generally feel positive, immediate reactions. Reports sometimes include temporary, energy nausea; apparently due to excess body toxins.

Several systems on the market can create water through condensation, but the process requires a high level of humidity. Any how it's a working m/c in Iraq so no probs in recent future we will be having it for us...

I understand that eating nonvegetarian is always harmful to humans as we are not animals with four legs but well civilized ones .Anyhow, I have some details about Bacon: Chemical added to processed meat products is responsible for a 67% increased risk in pancreatic cancer, says author and nutritionist Mike Adams. The conclusions are based in part on research conducted at the University of Hawaii that reveals a 67% increased risk of pancreatic cancer in people who consume large quantities of hot dogs, sausage and other processed meats, versus those who consume little or no processed meat. The study was led by Dr. Ute Nothlings and was announced at the annual gathering of the American Association for Cancer Research.

I have the detaila as such : The Great Red Spot is a great anti-cyclonic (high pressure) storm akin to a hurricane on Earth, but it is enormous (three Earths would fit within its boundaries) and it has persisted for at least the 400 years that humans have observed it through telescopes. Since it is anti-cyclonic in Jupiter's Southern hemisphere, the rotation is counterclockwise, with a period of about 6 days. (A hurricane in Earth's Southern hemisphere rotates clockwise because it is a low pressure system.) The clouds associated with the Spot appear to be about 8 km above neighboring cloud tops.

Can anyone tell me about the new windows vista ...

Yes there are many antivirus sofwares available on the net to download for free.. For e.g http://www.download.com you will get the best AV to download... try it out..

what will the best for windows platform...?

Try out the addons of FF and then compare with IE 7..

Ihave the following link for you to help : http://wings.buffalo.edu/computing/Documentation/win/Maple9_5.htm It's best to look out...

Yes man which Windows version are you using...?

See Einstein wasn't a scholar in his school life. But still he is a no.1 scientist who told us E=MC2.... so, no matter it depends upon the students willingness...

Please checkout the following link which might help it out: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983jbf..rept.....G

I wish i would have been in that starship.. so all the answers would have been with me..

Might be so... you had seen.. But it's from our point of view. In reality Sun is full neither rises nor sets. It's the phenomenon we look from here.