Duda Jarek

Synthesis of artificial cells is already being made - nice summary graphics from 2022 https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsnano.2c06104 While it is much more difficult for higher organisms, bacteria often can use L-sugars (and quickly evolve) - e.g. from https://asu.elsevierpure.com/en/publications/bacterial-utilization-of-l-sugars-and-d-amino-acids "In our laboratory, we have investigated several anaerobic bacterial strains, and have found that some of these bacteria are capable of using D-amino acids and L-sugars. Strain BK1 is capable of growth on D-arginine, but its growth characteristics on L-arginine are approximately twice as high. Another alkaliphilic strain SCAT (= ATCC BAA-1084T = JCM 12857T = DSM 17722T = CIP 107910T) was found to be capable of growth on L-ribose and L-arabinose. It is interesting that this strain was incapable of growth on D-arabinose, which suggests the involvement of some alternative mechanism of enzyme activity" However, it might require special enzymes, e.g. from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3504760/ "An l-glucose-utilizing bacterium, Paracoccus sp. 43P, was isolated from soil by enrichment cultivation in a minimal medium containing l-glucose as the sole carbon source. In cell-free extracts from this bacterium, NAD+-dependent l-glucose dehydrogenase was detected as having sole activity toward l-glucose. This enzyme, LgdA, was purified, and the lgdA gene was found to be located in a cluster of putative inositol catabolic genes. LgdA showed similar dehydrogenase activity toward scyllo- and myo-inositols. l-Gluconate dehydrogenase activity was also detected in cell-free extracts, which represents the reaction product of LgdA activity toward l-glucose. Enzyme purification and gene cloning revealed that the corresponding gene resides in a nine-gene cluster, the lgn cluster, which may participate in aldonate incorporation and assimilation. Kinetic and reaction product analysis of each gene product in the cluster indicated that they sequentially metabolize l-gluconate to glycolytic intermediates, d-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, and pyruvate through reactions of C-5 epimerization by dehydrogenase/reductase, dehydration, phosphorylation, and aldolase reaction, using a pathway similar to l-galactonate catabolism in Escherichia coli. Gene disruption studies indicated that the identified genes are responsible for l-glucose catabolism." From the report: "Mirror bacteria could evade many aspects of human immunity and potentially cause life-threatening infection Most immunological mechanisms rely on precise stereospecific interactions between host and pathogen macromolecules. The mirror-image macromolecules of mirror bacteria would likely not properly bind to host receptors, enzymes, or other host effectors, as they would have the “wrong” chirality. This could grant mirror bacteria a degree of intrinsic immune evasion well beyond any known natural pathogen. The immune system could be compromised in three key ways. First, the innate immune response relies upon initial detection of conserved microbial biomolecules, such as bacterial lipopolysaccharides and peptidoglycans, by host pattern recognition receptors. Because these molecules are almost exclusively chiral, immune recognition of mirror bacteria could be substantially impaired. Second, many innate immune mechanisms of pathogen control could be directly compromised; for example, phagocytosis, antimicrobial enzymes, and several complement system pathways rely on stereospecific protein interactions. Finally, mirror proteins would resist degradation and other stereospecific mechanisms necessary for antigen processing and presentation by innate immune cells, which would impair the activation of adaptive T and B immune cells and antibody production. "

Indeed, and looks the discussion has started in this thread in 2007: 17 years ago ... for ANS it took me ~8, I have more waiting 15 - science needs patience I have created "Chiral life concept" Wikipedia article in 2007 ( https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mirror_life&action=history&dir=prev ), but it was quickly deleted as SciFi ... then I have recreated it in 2017. My original motivation here was becoming incompatible with pathogens as in the title - previous idea was by changing codon language: replace tRNA and rewrite DNA - I wonder if it could work? Probably there would be lots of issues with gene regulation ...

But for mass production of larger mirror proteins you need mirror ribosomes (they work on), preferably in mirror at least bacteria ... 2022: https://www.science.org/content/article/mirror-image-protein-factories-one-day-make-durable-drugs-body-cant-break Being able to synthesize mirror RNA and ribosomes, getting the rest is relatively simple ... then there are lots of successes for building artificial cells: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_cell If such mirror organisms find some ecological niches (and evolve) due unprepared natural enemies, remind the thalidomide story ... now imagine consuming entire mirror organisms - there could be thousands of new interactions evolution did not prepared us for - some of them might be toxic.

I am starting reading the report above and e.g. "Mirror-image enzymes have recently been used to construct kilobase-length mirror RNA and DNA, and research is progressing toward building a mirror ribosome" suggests mirror bacteria could be made in a few years, and there are financial incentives - they are needed for mass production of especially mirror proteins, which could find lots of applications especially in medicine. From the other side, I remember some articles that bacteria could easily adapt to consumption of mirror sugars - such mirror bacteria escaping the lab, not having natural enemies, could find ecological niches, evolve ... often being toxic if consumed - could turn out extremely dangerous for Earth ecosystem. Anyway, mirror life is both great possibilities, but also dangers - needs wide discussion before it is too late ... I am repeating since 2007, glad it has finally reached the mainstream.

‘Unprecedented risk’ to life on Earth: Scientists call for halt on ‘mirror life’ microbe research "Experts warn that mirror bacteria, constructed from mirror images of molecules found in nature, could put humans, animals and plants at risk of lethal infections" 299 page "Technical Report on Mirror Bacteria Feasibility and Risks.pdf": Technical Report on Mirror Bacteria: Feasibility and Risks

Indeed "baryons -> black hole -> massless Hawking radiation" could be one way to realize stimulated proton decay ... but if this one is possible, there might be also other e.g. more direct ways, like using sequence of laser pulses to directly "swing out" proton from local minimum field configuration.

I was thinking about even more SF ultimate power source: stimulated proton decay - nearly complete matter -> energy transition, ~100x higher energy density than fusion from any matter. While they search for proton decay in room temperature water pools, it is hypothesized e.g. for baryongenesis (more matter than antimatter just after Big Bang), or Hawking radiation (baryons -> black hole -> massless radiation) - situations with extreme conditions, so I would search for it e.g. in the centers of neutron stars just before collapse to black hole, colliders like LHC (to test if it happens would need a dedicated experiment). E.g. to explain orders of magnitudes brighter objects than allowed by standard explanations like "Bizarre object 10 million times brighter than the sun defies physics, NASA says" from https://www.space.com/bizare-object-10-times-brighter-than-sun If possible, it would mean proton is a very deep but local minimum of field configuration - maybe it could be "swing out" of this minimum e.g. with some precise sequence of laser pulses?

In halo nuclei there are stably (milliseconds) bind neutrons/protons in much larger distances ... but we are still talking about a few femtometers. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo_nucleus http://theor.jinr.ru/~ntaa/17/files/lectures/Ershov.pdf

Being able to build gamma laser ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-ray_laser ), fusion could be trivial - e.g. 782 keV photons to reverse neutron decay: producing free neutrons from hydrogen. However, it is technically extremely difficult, for free electron lasers maybe 30keV might be reachable, here is 14.4keV for nuclear transition: https://journals.aps.org/prresearch/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.4.L032007

Talk about such potential more symmetric enhancement of quantum computers allowing to attack NP problems ( https://arxiv.org/pdf/2308.13522 , slides ) :

Separate paper about such 2WQC: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372677599_Two-way_quantum_computers_adding_CPT_analog_of_state_preparation As stimulated emission-absorption are CPT analogs, creating negative-positive radiation pressure ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_pressure#Radiation_pressure_from_momentum_of_an_electromagnetic_wave ), we can imagine (unidirectional) ring laser as a pump. Below is such hydrodynamical analog - in pump with fluid running in circles, flow to split down is reduced by negative radiation pressure. The question to test is if it also true for ring laser: if intensity from beam splitter down is changed by opening/closing the shutter? If so, a bit more complex setting would lead to two-way quantum computers.

Optical pulling allows to pull in optical tweezers, negative radiation pressure to pull solitons - some hypothetical application: 2WQC (two-way quantum computers) maybe solving NP problems (standard 1WQC might be bounded with e.g. Shor, Grover). I would gladly discuss and generally am searching for collaboration in these topics, especially access to ring laser to test if it allows for negative photon pressure, what is required e.g. by CPT symmetry.

In CPT perspective the absorption equation would act on CPT(target on the left), what means emission equation acts on it in standard perspective (no CPT). This equation work only if there are excited atoms: N_2 > 0, hence we can use e.g. a lamp here continuously excited in corresponding spectrum - usually deexciting in isotropic way, opening the shutter additionally with the emission equation - increased probability of deexciting toward the laser, what would be seen as reduced intensity by detectors around.

Looking at the diagram, absorption equation applies to the central and right targets (shifted behind right mirror), the emission equation to the central - the question is if also to the left (shifted behind left mirror). From CPT perspective the equations would switch, the absorption equation would apply to CPT(central target) and to CPT(target on the left) - the latter means without CPT the emission equation would apply to the target on the left. While <E x H>/c radiation pressure can be negative (e.g. https://scholar.google.pl/scholar?q=negative+radiation+pressure ), turns out there are lots of optical pulling experiments, beside optical tweezers awarded with 2018 Nobel Prize, here is good summary: https://opg.optica.org/oe/fulltext.cfm?uri=oe-31-2-2665&id=525052 Seems all of them is pulling of objects with light, while ring laser should have related by different - pulling of photons, negative photon pressure, external stimulated emission.

Exactly, excited target usually deexcite in isotropic way, due to laser should additionally accordingly to the stimulated emission equation on the left - negative radiation pressure should increase probability of deexcitation in this direction, reducing monitored intensity seen by detectors around this target.

By "CPT(target on the left)" I have meant with applied all 3 symmetries. Or let us look from perspective of of radiation pressure : <E x H>/c, if ring laser creates positive radiation pressure, from perspective after CPT doesn't it mean negative?

From perspective after CPT symmetry the photons would travel toward CPT(target on the left) - if physics works the same after this symmetry, toward "minus time" this target would be excited accordingly to equation on the right, what toward "plus time" means it would be deexcited accordingly to the equation on the left ... if only it was excited in the first place like lamp: N_2 > 0. As ring laser causes "positive radiation pressure" in one direction, from perspective after CPT it means causing "negative radiation pressure".

Also, pulling with photons is done e.g. by https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_tweezers EM radiation pressure is <E x H>/c ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_pressure#Radiation_pressure_from_momentum_of_an_electromagnetic_wave ) - doesn't have to be positive.

Turns out there is considered "negative radiation pressure" - predicted for solitons, searched e.g. for mechanical waves on graphene: https://scholar.google.pl/scholar?q=negative+radiation+pressure ... so the question is if it could be realized with EM waves, photons using lasers? Because believing in CPT symmetry, from its perspective photon trajectories would be reversed, the target on the left would be "standard target" to which we "push photons" (absorption equation), what from perspective without CPT would mean emission equation, "pulling photons", "negative radiation pressure".

The T transform here reverses photon direction, making the laser cause excitation of target on the left, what means causing deexcitation without T symmetry. Look at the two equations (from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulated_emission#Mathematical_model ) - to which of 3 targets they apply? The equation on the right applies to the central and right target. The equation on the left applies to the central target - my point is it also symmetrically applies to the target on the left - because in perspective after CPT symmetry the equations are switched.

The CPT theorem says that looking at setting from perspective after CPT symmetry, it should be governed by the same physics. For the discussed setting with asymmetric light source, in perspective after CPT symmetry the two target would be switched, laser would increase the number of excited atoms in the target on the left - toward negative time, what means decrease toward positive time. In other words, it should stimulate emission from this target - not only when it is the central pumped crystal, but also when it is shifted left.

To observe the dN_2/dt = -B rho N_2 evolution, we need N_2 > 0 initial excitation of the target - e.g. gas discharge lamp. Its continuously excited atoms normally deexcite in isotropic way, the laser should additionally increase probability of directional deexcitation - what would be seen by detectors around, watching isotropic radiation, by reduction of seen light intensity.

Mathematically, we have the two equations (from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulated_emission#Mathematical_model ), after CPT they would be switched: the right one (absorption equation) would apply to the target on the left, what without CPT means the emission equation should apply to the target on the left. In other words, while laser causes absorption by target on the rights ("push photons" there"), CPT symmetry says it has to also cause emission by target on the left ("pull photons" from there) - if only N_2 > 0: satisfied condition of being excited in the first place, e.g. lamp. To my knowledge, existence of such effect was not tested yet (?) - negative result would mean macroscopic violation of CPT symmetry, positive would lead to lots of new possibilities/applications.

From perspective after CPT symmetry, you would cause excitation of atoms of target on the left, what means causing deexcitation in perspective without CPT - sure polarized beam would mean pumping/unpumping one polarity, there should be also unpolarized settings, e.g. using free electron laser, wiggler/undulator, synchrotron radiation.

CPT violation would be not seeing this looking unknown effect required by CPT symmetry - that as we "push photons" to the target on the right, we should also symmetrically "pull photons" from the target on the left - because from perspective after CPT transform, we would "push photons" to this target. I also suspect this effect is true, but it needs experimental confirmation - if positive, it would open lots of new possibilities, applications. E.g. in case of low probability nuclear transition producing characteristic gammas, we could "pull them" this way e.g. with free electron laser - hopefully stimulating this nuclear transition. In case of negative result: preparing setting able to see effect on expected level but not seeing it, would mean violation of CPT symmetry on macroscopic level - that macroscopic setting does not work the same in perspective after CPT symmetry. Such credible negative result should also inspire further experiments - improving on potential limitations, searching for the scale where CPT starts being violated and its mechanisms.