MigL

Only reason Europeans are suffering is because they got in bed with V Putin and the Russians. Divorce is often painful, but most often, it's for the best. Europe will be OK, eventually. We'll see how Russia fares in the long run.

You don't seem to realize that you've just given an example of a co-ordinate singularity. If you use latitude and longitude as your co-ordinate system, the North Pole and South Pole are singular. You cannot go any further North ( or South ) from those points, yet there is no 'edge', and nothing stops you from going further ( around the globe ). That is the case with the Schwarzschild solution; a co-ordinate singularity ( at the horizon ), but nothing stops you from going further. It is not an 'edge' either.

IIRC, linear polarization confines the EM field along a plane in the direction of travel. Circular polarization has two such linear components, confinment to planes along the direction of travel, but perpendicular and 90o out of phase. I would hate to think my sunglasses can create wormholes ...

Originally a tachyon referred to particles which always travel much faster than light, and cannot 'slow down' to the speed of light. These particles violate causality and travel backwards in time; a very non-physical situation. Recently the term 'tachyonic' has been applied to fields "Although the notion of a tachyonic imaginary mass might seem troubling because there is no classical interpretation of an imaginary mass, the mass is not quantized. Rather, the scalar field is; even for tachyonic quantum fields, the field operators at spacelike separated points still commute (or anticommute), thus preserving causality. Therefore, information still does not propagate faster than light,[8] and solutions grow exponentially, but not superluminally (there is no violation of causality). The "imaginary mass" really means that the system becomes unstable. The zero value field is at a local maximum rather than a local minimum of its potential energy, much like a ball at the top of a hill. A very small impulse (which will always happen due to quantum fluctuations) will lead the field to roll down with exponentially increasing amplitudes toward the local minimum. In this way, tachyon condensation drives a physical system that has reached a local limit and might naively be expected to produce physical tachyons, to an alternative stable state where no physical tachyons exist. Once the tachyonic field reaches the minimum of the potential, its quanta are not tachyons any more but rather are ordinary particles with a positive mass-squared, such as the Higgs boson." From Tachyonic field - Wikipedia IOW, the scalar Higgs field is one such field.

Except for the fact that 'frequency' is measured in 'cycles per unit time'. You are then using something, frequency, which is defined using time, to define time itself. Kind of circular reasoning. Incidentally Swansont designs/builds the equipment that measures the 'hyperfine transition frequency of caesium-133'; his area of expertise is atomic clocks.

When I was in high school, English ( literature ) was mandatory. Memorable books that come to mind Merchant of Venice Macbeth Animal Farm 1984 Lord of the Flies The Great Gatsby Of Mice and Men Catcher in the Rye Outside of school, I read mostly Science Fiction.

I can't decide if this is hilarious, or just plain sad ... Shaquille O'Neal Says His Flat-Earth Comments Are 'Just a Theory' While Questioning If Earth Spins (msn.com) We pay these people millions of dollars, and kids look up to them. The internet/TV/Hollywoood has made these people 'influencers', and they are contributing to the 'dumbing down' of society. Of course, I would not say any of this to Shaq's face; he would crush me.

A little 'short' today, aren't we 🙂 ? It's a good thing someone had the foresight to ask what 'TFG' stands for, and someone else explained 'tThe Former Guy', as I was under the impression it referred to 'The Fu*king Goof'..

I prefer N Bohr's 'pessimism'. God does play dice with the universe, and sometimes throws the dice where they cannot be seen.

Are you really asking whether the 'unit' of time is getting larger, or smaller, as time progresses ? And further, does it really matter ?

Yes, but that’s not his sole appeal. Simplistic analysis, but I do know of some very racist people that think he's a threat to democracy also. I have to wonder ... Are 'betting' odds better than polls at predicting election outcomes ? There is money involved, so people may be more careful/truthful with their selection/choice.

I was only looking at one aspect of the problem, the Earth, and totally ignoring the other factor, the moon, in this problem, Studiot. Thanks for always thinking clearly. Just to expand my consideration even further, would the constructive/destructive interference of the much smaller solar tides, with their yearly ( as opposed to the moon's monthly ) cycle, also have some effect ? ( I hope that's not mentioned in your link or I'll look real foolish, as I haven't read it yet )

Sorry, I had not considered that. Not quite sure of the mechanism for going to a 'top' uark, as it has a mass comparable to a gold atom, but even the W and Z bosons of the weak interaction ( 80 and 90 GeV/c2 ), equivalent in mass to an iron atom, don't have enough energy to decay to a 'top' quark. Unfortunately, the centers of neutron stars are just as difficult to examine, as the interior of an event horizon.

That's very interesting. As both Big Bang theory, and GR, assume isotropy and homogeneity of the universe, how do they reconcile with some fundamental aspects, such as lambda being non-isotropic and non-homogenous in these agegraphic models ?

If the Earth was a perfect sphere, and evenly covered in water, I suspect tides would be almost like clockwork. IRL, tides are affected by geography, and water takes time to flow in and out of the 'nooks and crannies' that make up coastlines. I would think ,,,

Before we get too carried away in this off-topic track, remember that almost half the voters elected D Trump in 2016, because a lot of them disliked H Clinton. And a lot more voters came out for the 2020 election, not because they liked J Biden and the Democrat 'vision', but because they had come to detest D Trump's behaviour. That seems to be the direction we are going in; not voting FOR someone we 'like', but against someone we 'dislike'. But to compare your fellow citizens to what the Russians have done, and are doing ... Should we also aim nuclear missiles at them ?

Stick to the subject. What country is invading, destroying and trying to annex another sovereign country, right now ? The American President can go nearly everwhere in the world without fear of being targeted for assassination ( well, maybe not D Trump ). Where can V Putin go ?

In this model, every fundamental fermion or boson has an associated string vibration. Not all particles are fundamental; some are composite. You are trying to get a very simplistic understanding of a very complex subject; not going to happen. Start here Superstring theory - Wikipedia

In Superstring theory, all fundamental fermions ( particles ) and bosons ( forces ) are the result of differing vibrational frequencies of even more fundamental, Planck scale, supersymmetric 'strings'. A composite particle, such as a neutron, would be the result of the vibrational interactions of the constituent quark/gluon strings. A more generalized version, M Theory, and 'branes', considers the implications of some strings being a 'closed loop' and some 'open ended'.

That would be Dr. Vinnie Boombotz ...

Exactly the same way Russia extended her borders from the Kievan Rusus area about 10 centuries ago, all the way to the Pacific and beyond ( alaska ? ) Kievan Rus' - Wikipedia In which case the Ukraine was the 'birthplace' of today's Russia. But why bring the past into the discussion ? Should we compare the behaviour of the Mongol Hordes of Genghis Khan? ( for a 'local' example ) Or the behaviour and conquests of the Roman Empire ? Or the Macedonian Greeks of Alexander the Great ? Or maybe you want to go back to Homo Sapiens displacing Homo Neanderthalis in Europe 35-50 000 years ago, to excuse the fact that TODAY, Russians are invading a sovereign country. n

I think you mean the USSR, not Russia. That happened already in 1989; Get over it already. And stop trying to re-aquire all those now sovereign countries, like the Ukraine, that despise your brutality, and want to govern themselves.

There is none. Quantum field theory by necessity, requires quantum particles, as both 'carriers' and 'manifestation' of the field. If you are inquiring about classical felds, what particles did you wish to consider ?

Circumstances may be different, but the argument can be made that vacuum energy is the impetus for both. That is if the accelerating expansion turns out to be real, and not a figment of error, or the accuracy of our type !a supernova 'yardstick'.

I remember reading how S Chandrasekhar first calculated the electron degeneracy limit, on his way from India by boat, to England, to study under Sir A Eddington. He considered confining an electron to a smaller and smaller box, such that its momentum becomes more and more indeterminate. An early use of the then new HUP, or QM applied to classical physics. At some point the box determines its position enough, that the velocity component of its momentum could be faster than light; a clearly unphysical situation. The electron can then absorb into a proton to become a neutron, which, for the same size confinement ( positional accuracy ), and momentum uncertainty, allows the velocity to be up to 2000 times smaller, as its mass is 2000 times larger. At least until neutron degeneracy is reached. Speculation about quark stars don't make much sense to me, in light of the previous arguments, as they involve going to a much lighter fermion, and unphysical velocities again. But I'm no expert on QCD, and have no idea whether these quarks would act as 'free' particles, or as a massive'combined' particle.