MigL

space and time are the independent variables. Energy is not independent. The 'configuration of a system' is the very definition of energy.

Energy is frame dependent. IOW, it depends on spatial-temporal co-ordinates, or dimensions.

If I could, I would give your post many +1s, Markus. Unfortunately kba is so 'obsessed' with his pet idea, that it'll be totally disregarded by him.

A nicely marbled ribeye steak never falls apart on the BBQ ...

We also have a 'first past the post' system in Canada, and vote splitting has been a concern in the past. It led to the unification of our two Conservative parties, and has been mentioned with respect to our NDP ( socialist ) and Liberal parties. In our case, the Governor General ( historically a representative of the Queen ) could decide to give power to two losing parties, if the winning party lost Confidence of Parliament in a minority situation. This obviously would not work in American Government. The proportional representation method has been talked about, but only when parties lose an election; if they win all the talk is discontinued. ( Liberals, two elections ago ) this system also has major problems. Witness Italy, whose Government is usually made up of at least 4 parties, and which regularly falls every 6 months to a year. I would like to see an upper age limit on running for the Presidency. Even if set at 65, typical retirement age, winning two terms would make the President 73 years old; already a little high. Maybe 62 ?

We don't really know the mechanism for accelerated expansion, as dark energy is still 'dark', so making guesses as to how it would change, if at all, in the future is pointless. Nor are we sure that the 'standard candle' ( type 1A supernova, when a white dwarf star accretes enough material from a companion star to initiate carbon burning in its core, resulting in an explosion of known luminosity ) is accurate enough to set our distance scale. All we know is that measurements of the Hubble Constant seem to have an increasing slope, indicating an acceleration of recession speeds.

Probably put there by the same aliens who placed the Tycho Magnetic Anomaly One ( TMA-1 or Tycho Monolith ) on the Moon, that was discovered by the Odissey mission in 2001, led by A C Clarke.

A mile wide mirror in Earth orbit would capture about as much as a mile width of area on the surface of the Earth. hardly enough additional heat to cause climate change. ( maybe local weather change, at best )

The 'error bars' on the rate of recession are large enough as to make determining the change in recession rate very difficult ( and possibly still ambiguous ) due to the large numbers of extremely distant observations, where distance scales could still be in question. Now you want to know the rate of change of the changing rate of recession, or acceleration of the acceleration ? I don't think anyone knows that, but they do know that recession rate wasn't always accelerating, so, while not quantified yet, there has obviously been a change.

I hear the Nobel people at your door ringing the doorbell ... NOT ! Theories don't explain the 'nature; of anything. They are a mathematical ( usually ) model of how a mechanism/process works. They would say you are wrong again; the moon is not a star, and neither is 'everything in the sky'.

If the 'down' quark contributed 'excess' mass to the neutronium in neutron stars, you would expect ordinary matter, with an excess of neutrons to be heavier. He4 has two protons and two neutrons for a mass ( isotope ) of 4.0026 Da. Li4, an unstable isotope of lithium, has three protons and one neutron, for a mass of 4.037 Da. The Helium nucleus contains 6 'down' quarks,while the Lithium nucleus has 5 'down' quarks. Yet, the Lithium is heavier. The explanation is simple. Most of the mass in a nucleus is binding energy, and the individual quarks ( if you could isolate one ) although of slightly differing masses, only contribute a couple of percent of the masses of protons and neutrons. Don't get me wrong, an imagination is invaluable, but temper it with some education of accepted knowledge.

"There are 10 kinds of people in this world. Those who understand binary, and those who don't." unattributed quote

It isn't. Infinity is not a number.

You could try posting the general idea here, and see how it fares with the criticism of accepted science.

You have to wonder when people like S Spicer are going to realize that all their ass-kissing, and bowing at the altar of D Trump, will never get them anything. The very first time they have a difference of opinion, no matter how small, with D Trump, he will turn on them and try to ruin them, just as he has done with all the other 'useful idiots' during his previous administration. Do these arguably intelligent people actually believe the shit they are spewing for the 'orange clown's benefit ? Or are they doing it in the hope of some personal gain in the midterm, or next Presidential elections ? Can the short term gain be worth the ruin of a political carreer ? ( apparently a lot of Republicans think so )

Mass presupposes an instantaneity while electromagnetism does enegry in motion – two separate instances; as it were, which is first, the chicken or the egg? In the context of our local circumstances I could say it’s their combined effect under the auspices of instantaneity, can gravity be adduced. Please don't attribute quotes to me that were, in fact, posted by kba. Quote the original post please, not a quote of a quote. Thank you. I don't know what any of your post is supposed to mean. Mass and energy are both equivalent properties of a system; energy is the property that allows for changing the configuration of the system, and do work, while mass, the property that resists change in the configuration of the system, is responsible for inertia. No chickens or eggs involved.

It would be much simpler to model/sum gravitational potentials.

Sure. We'll throw out all observational evidence from the last 90 years, and make up stuff so that your theory is valid. \\\\astronomers say cosmological red shift is very different from gravitational red shift. And, that you are totally wrong !

Even if I could understand what you mean by 'electromagnetic field represented inside particles as mass', I don't need to answer why a 'free-form' electromagnatic field doesn't generate gravity. Because it DOES !

Maintaining speed, in the absence of extraneous forces, requires no energy.

You don't need much red Phosphorus to make Crystal Meth, as the red Phosphorus is re-used. The Pseudoephedrine and Hydroiodic acid are the raw materials. Don't blow yourself up ...

Are you saying all galaxies should have Cosmological red shifts equivalent to gravitational red shift from 'climbing out' of the source galaxy ? And not a red shift linearly dependent on distance, proportional to Hubble's constant ? That will come as a surprise to astronomers ...

There seems to be some confusion about the 'relation' of supernovae and the Big Bang event. There is none. The Big Bang produced about 3/4 Hydrogen, 1/4 helium and traces of Lithium and other light elements. This is what formed the first stars. Stars, during their lifetimes, produce some heavier elements, up to Iron, during successive higher temperature core fusion processes. Supernova explosions can actually supply enough energy to produce some even heavier elements, but most are produced when the end product of nova/supernova explosions, neutron stars, collide. Newer stars are 'seeded' with these heavier elements. Our Sun, which ignited about 5 billion years ago, is one such star, and our rocky/metallic planets are a result of the metal rich gas that went into the formation of our Solar System.

I don't think the two cases are remotely related. Almost all of the proton's mass is in the 'field'. The constituent quantum particles ( quarks ) are 'point-like', and don't have a position/momentum until interacted with.

A little late to the party; TSMC has been doing 7nm for a couple of years and is set to introduce their 2nm process in about a year and a half. "In semiconductor manufacturing, the 2 nm process is the next MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor) die shrink after the 3 nm process node. As of May 2022, TSMC plans to begin risk 2 nm production at the end of 2024 and mass production in 2025;[1][2] Intel forecasts production in 2024,[3] and South Korean chipmaker Samsung in 2025." 2 nm process - Wikipedia But what has any of this have to do with Russia's invasion of Ukraine ???