Thank you for your reply ecoli and I understand [math] A^-1 [/math]; however, I don't understand why it is necessary to do so --- in other words, what is the application of [math] A^-1 [/math]? Does the elementary matrix act as a "key" that unlocks a matrix, like something you might find in cryptography? It helps me to understand the topics in mathematics if I can understand where it might apply (real-world problem). For instance, does it allow us to construct a more detailed model of whatever is being tested?