DrDNA

What is your positive control or is this supposed to be your positive control? Where did you get the cells and how were they characterized?

Perhaps the moderators could find it in their hearts to convert them to AC DC links......"I've got the biggest balls of them all...."

How do you know it was been because of the Lasik and not the satan worship?

Yes it does. At least UV does. And the addition of various photosensitizers, like flavins, which are commonly found in biological fluids can lead to the generation of more singlet oxygen.

Historically, Berkeley has had an outstanding reputation in all areas of Chemistry, but especially Organic Chemistry. They recently ranked number one in Chemistry and number two in Organic Chemistry Ph.D. programs (just behind Harvard). Stanford also has an outstanding graduate Chemistry program. In addition, UCSF has an outstanding reputation in Medicinal Chemistry, if your Organic Chemistry desires lean in that direction. The following are highest-ranking chemistry programs in America and their rankings, according to “America’s Best Graduate Schools of 2008” by U.S. News & World Report. These schools were picked from 1,200 colleges across the country based on statistics as well as expert opinion on each program’s academic excellence. University of California, Berkeley Top-ranking programs: Chemistry Ph.D., Biochemistry (#1), Organic chemistry (#2), Physical chemistry (#1), Theoretical chemistry (#1) What sets them apart: Facilities include the nearby Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), which houses state-of-the-art charged particle accelerators and the Advanced Light Source – “one of the world's brightest sources of ultra-violet and soft x-ray beams.” Contact: 420 Latimer Hall Berkeley, CA 94720-1460 (510) 642-5060 gradadm@berkeley.edu For more information visit: http://chem.berkeley.edu/grad_info/ Massachusetts Institute of Technology Top-ranking programs: Chemistry Ph.D., Biochemistry (#2), Inorganic chemistry (#1), Physical chemistry (#3), Theoretical chemistry (#3) What sets them apart: MIT’s Chemistry Department prides itself on the diversity of their student population. As of late, the department has included students from 20 foreign nations. American students hail from more than 104 colleges and universities around the country. Contact: 77 Massachusetts Ave, Room 2-204 Cambridge, MA 02139-4307 (617) 258-8304 mitgrad@mit.edu For more information visit: http://web.mit.edu/chemistry/www/index.html California Institute of Technology Top-ranking programs: Chemistry Ph.D., Inorganic chemistry (#2), Physical chemistry (#2), Theoretical chemistry (#2) What sets them apart: Current faculty include three Nobel Prize winners – Rudolph Marcus (1992), Ahmed Zewail (1999), and Robert Grubbs (2005). Contact: 1200 E. California Boulevard Pasadena, CA 91125 (626) 395-6110 For more information visit: http://chemistry.caltech.edu/ Harvard University Top-ranking programs: Biochemistry (#3), Organic chemistry (#1) What sets them apart: The Chemistry Department boasts 278,000 sq. ft. of modern research laboratories spread over four buildings, including their new Naito Laboratory. Harvard University's Libraries are home to over 11.5 million books, 4.9 million titles on microfilm, and 102,000 periodicals. Contact: 12 Oxford Street Cambridge, MA 02138 (617) 495-5315 admiss@fas.harvard.edu For more information visit: http://www.chem.harvard.edu Stanford University Top-ranking programs: Chemistry Ph.D., Organic chemistry (#3)What sets them apart: Stanford’s Chemistry Department is so confident in their selection process, that graduate students don’t have to take any comprehensive examinations to earn a Ph.D. Instead, they monitor progress through individual discussions with a faculty advisor. Contact: 333 Campus Drive Mudd Building, Room 121 Stanford, CA 94305-5080 (650) 723-2501 chem.admissions@stanford.edu For more information visit: http://www.stanford.edu/dept/chemistry/grad/index.html Northwestern University Top-ranking programs: Inorganic chemistry (#3), Theoretical chemistry (#3) What sets them apart: The University has an impressive record of post-graduation results. Of Northwestern’s chemistry majors, about half typically continue their studies in graduate school, 30-40% enter medical school, and roughly 15% become chemists straightaway in industrial or governmental laboratories. Contact: 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston, IL 60208-3113 (847) 491-5371 info@chem.northwestern.edu For more information visit: http://www.chem.northwestern.edu/graduate/

I agree with Mr Lockheed. Your are never, ever going to hear it from Sexual Chocolate.

It costs about $487,177,911,000 when I pasted this but it will have gone up a hell of a lot more by the time you read it. About $275 million per day $4,100 per household Almost 4,000 U.S. soldiers killed and more than 60,000 wounded 700,000 Iraqis killed and 4 million refugees http://www.nationalpriorities.org/costofwar_home Follow the and watch the numbers go up....it is amazingly fast. And this is kind of self explanatory..... Proposed Discretionary Budget, FY2008 The following chart shows the breakdown of the proposed federal discretionary budget for fiscal year 2008 by function area. The discretionary budget refers to the part of the federal budget proposed by the President, and debated and decided by Congress each year. This part of the budget constitutes more than one-third of total federal spending. The remainder of the federal budget is called 'mandatory spending.' Fiscal year 2008 will run from October 1, 2007 to September 30, 2008. Note that this chart includes the war-related spending requested by the administration as supplemental to the regular budget proposal. Source: Budget of the U.S. Government, FY2008, Analytical Perspectives, Table 27-1. http://www.nationalpriorities.org/Proposed+Discretionary+Budget Summary of War-related Request for FY2008 FY2008 Request (in billions) Department of Defense Total DoD Requested (Feb., July, Oct.) $189.3 Of which will be spent on Iraq $151.8 While Osama is elsewhere...... Other Agencies* February Request $3.6 Of which will be spent on Iraq $3.2 October Amendment $3.6 Of which will be spent on Iraq $0.5 TOTAL SUPPLEMENTAL SPENDING $196.5 TOTAL IRAQ-RELATED WAR SPENDING $155.5 *Other agency spending for Iraq includes: U.S. Coast Guard ($223 million), Diplomatic and Consular Porgrams ($2.1 billion), Migration and Refugee Assistance ($195 million), Economic Support Fund ($797 million), International Narcotics Control and Enforcement ($159 million), International Disaster and Famine Assistance ($80 million), Office of Inspector General ($35 million), Contributions to International Organizations ($27 million), and USAID ($45.8 million). http://www.nationalpriorities.org/Publications/More-War-Funding-Requested-Updated-2.html

"without any environmental influences"? Oh dear Lord. Please tell me how that works. "Might I suggest that we keep this thread for information basis about Nanotechnology Only" "information" or mis"information"? I did not realize this was a promotional segment. I surrender. I'm going to eat a 3 bowls of fruit loops with extra sugar and watch the National Geographic Channel. Then it's off to the beach to stick my head in the sand and try to unlearn the years I've spent studying and practicing chemistry, pharmacology, biology, and quote unquote "nanotechnology". Maybe then I can get with the program. In passing, I would like to add that this thread is in General Chemistry. Therefore, if whatever you, I, or anyone else have to say about "nanotechnology" holds water, it should be able to withstand the test of objective scientific discourse from all angles (including positive and negative....the laws chemistry and physics, environmental, toxicological, physiological aspects, etc etc). If not...well, then it may not.

Is there a difference?

If I (or one of my loved ones) were severely depressed to the point of being suicidal (and I thank God that I am [they are] not) I would certainly appreciate if some doctor did not tell me (them) that I (they) have terminal inoperable cancer (again, thank God I [they] do not). In such a case, please tell me (them) I (they) have the flu or something similar, until such time as I am (they are) able to handle the situation in a rational manner without such severe consequences.......

You obviously have way too much free time on your hands.

True. But I don't think in what country one currently resides alone determines one's ethnicity. For example..... An ethnic group is a community of people who share cultural and/or physical characteristics including one or more of the following: history, political system, religion, language, geographical origin, traditions, myths, behaviours, foods, genetic similarities and physical features. http://www.ethnicityonline.net/ethnicity_is.htm Do you disagree that many "Jews", "Jewish families", and "Jewish community" groups, fit this definition?

I know it is just semantics but as I implied before, when I see or hear the word "Judaism", I think of a religion. .........."Jewish" I think of a culture and/or a ethnicity. But "when you think of garbage, think of Akeem".

I am familiar with this and similar studies. For every paper speculating that Quantum Dots are magic bullets, there is another one that points to toxicity. The bottom line is, Cadmium and Selenium are highly toxic materials. Environmental Health Perspectives Volume 114, Number 2, February 2006 A Toxicologic Review of Quantum Dots: Toxicity Depends on Physicochemical and Environmental Factors ............Cadmium and selenium, two of the most widely used constituent metals in QD core metalloid complexes, are known to cause acute and chronic toxicities in vertebrates and are of considerable human health and environmental concern (Fan et al. 2002; Hamilton 2004; Henson and Chedrese 2004; Kondoh et al. 2002; Poliandri et al. 2003; Satarug and Moore 2004; Spallholz and Hoffman 2002). For instance, Cd, a probable carcinogen, has a biologic half-life of 15-20 years in humans, bioaccumulates, can cross the blood-brain barrier and placenta, and is systemically distributed to all bodily tissues, with liver and kidney being target organs of toxicity. The potential environmental impacts of Se contamination are well understood from Kesterson Reservoir, California, and Belews Lake, North Carolina, where a marked impact on the local ecosystem resulted from elevated environmental concentrations of Se. Because of QD metalloid core composition, the uniqueness of each type of QD, the oxidative and photochemical lability of certain types of QDs, and the dearth of information on routes of exposure and the environmental transport and fate of QD materials, the potential risks posed by QD materials to human health and the environment should be seriously considered. .................... In summary, the findings in these reviews suggest that under certain conditions QDs may pose environmental and human health risks as determined by rodent animal models and in vitro cell cultures. http://www.ehponline.org/members/2005/8284/8284.html Those "certain conditions" being inside the body. The FDA has a difficult time approving toxic materials for internal human use.

Are you implying that life isn't fair?

I should not have used the term "period" but I meant that the term Judaism often refers to a religion while the term Jewish often refers to a culture and/or ethnicity. Some ethnic Jews do not practice the religion, but may partake in some Jewish cultural practices and some who practice the religion are not ethnic Jews. Quote: "Judaism is the religion of the Jewish people. It is the first monotheistic religion, and is amongst the oldest of the world's religions. Universally known, it has influenced many aspects of Western civilization." ............ "According to Jewish law, a child born to a Jewish mother or an adult who has converted to Judaism is considered a Jew; one does not have to reaffirm their Jewishness or practice any of the laws of the Torah to be Jewish. According to Reform Judaism, a person is a Jew if they were born to either a Jewish mother or a Jewish father. Also, Reform Judaism stresses the importance of being raised Jewish; if a child is born to Jewish parents and was not raised Jewish then the child is not considered Jewish. According to the Orthodox movement, the father’s religion and whether the person practices is immaterial. No affirmation or upbringing is needed, as long as the mother was Jewish." End Quote.... http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaism.html But I will admit that even this site goes back and forth on the difference and sameness of the two terms. EDIT: This, from the same site, clears the source of the confusion up some for me.....there appears to be different conversions, recognized or not recognized by differenct "streams"....Orthodox, Reform, or Conservative. ""Besides for differing opinions on patrilineal descent, the various streams also have different conversion practices. Conversion done under the auspices of an Orthodox rabbi, entails Jewish study, brit milah (for men), mikvah (for both men and women) and a stated commitment to follow the laws of the Torah. Conservative conversions use the same requirements as the Orthodox do; however, conversions by the Reform movement and other streams do not have the same requirements. Since the conversion practices are not uniform, many Orthodox Jews do not recognize Reform or Conservative conversions as valid and, hence, do not consider the converts Jews. Once a person has converted to Judaism, he is not referred to by any special term; he is as much a Jew as anyone born Jewish."" This is the law.

That 0.1% can account for HUGE physical and behavioral variations, so it is indeed significant. Your brain and Jeffery Dohmer's are probably much closer than 99.9% but I doubt that you react to stimuli in the same manner.....although he was raised in what appears to be a perfectly "normal" home. I don't necessarily have a problem with other studies. I do have a problem with any study that looks at outliers and tries to draw broad conclusions about the general population from the observations of those outliers. That is a bucket with big holes in it. The sand falls right through it. And even though I might agree with the conclusions, I must disagree with the methodology.

That's why I said 98% and not 100%. Of course there is some good in it but for the most part, it is true that the money could be wiser spent and more thoughtfully applied to other areas like cancer research, gasification and noncarbon based energy, food productivity, pollution, the list could go on for a mile. We need to quit funding projects because somebody included the word "nanotechnology". Flush the hype, keep the science. Quantum Dots are not making targeted drug delivery a reality at all. Although Quantum Dots are great little tags or labels for in vitro assays (they don't bleach like organic fluorphores) they so far have proven to be much too toxic to be effectively applied in vivo. Until the human species evolves to a state of being immune to cadmium poisoning, this will remain an issue and Quantum Dots shall be confined to the Pitre dish or in vitro assays.

I found this on the web..... Quote: "HOW TO USE AQUA REGIA TO PURIFY GOLD 1. Place your gold or finely powdered ore in a Pyrex container or beaker. 2. Mix 1 part nitric acid to 3 parts hydrochloric acid in a separate glass or plastic container. When mixing the acids together, use great caution! 3. Add the acid mixture, very slowly, to the Pyrex container or beaker containing the ore. 4. On a stove or hot plate, simmer until the gold is in solution and the (START HERE) nitric acid is boiled off. It Will look like maple syrup and be a yellowish to orange color. 5. To make sure all the nitric acid has been boiled off, add a small amount of formic acid. If nitric acid is present, a reddish brown gas will be given off. Add hydrochloric acid, if necessary, to keep the material covered with liquid. Continue simmering until the nitric acid is gone. 6. Filter off any solids that are not in solution through a plastic strainer or funnel lined with a filter. Neutralize this material with lime juice and discard. 7. Add to the liquid solution an equal amount of water. 8. Drop a small amount of uniodized table salt into the mixture to check for silver. If silver is present, a white substance will fall to the bottom of the container. This is silver chloride. Continue dropper small amounts of salt in until the silver chloride stops falling. 9. Filter off the silver chloride through a plastic. 10. strainer or funnel lined with an ash-free or coffee filter. DO NOT DISPOSE OF THE ACID SOLUTION, SET IT ASIDE! 11. Rinse the filter containing silver chloride with water. 12. Dry the filter and silver chloride. 13. Place the filter and silver chloride in a clay crucible and burn the filter by lighting a match to it. 14. Cover the silver chloride and burned filter with soda ash. 15. Place the crucible in a furnace or oven and heat to a temperature of 2100 degrees F until the silver is a smooth honey-like liquid with no lumps in it. 16. Immediately pour the silver into a mold or let it set in the crucible until it is cool. 17. Remove the silver and wash with soap and water. 18. Take the solution that you had set aside (see step 9) and add a little sodium sulfite. The gold will start to fall. Continue to add the sodium sulfite until the gold stops falling. You should see black specks that look like pepper. This is gold sulfide. 19. Filter off the gold sulfide through a plastic strainer or funnel lined with a filter. 20. Rinse the filter containing gold sulfide with water. 21. Dry the filter containing gold sulfide. 22. Put the filter and gold sulfide into a clay crucible and burn the filter by lighting a match to it. 23. Cover the gold sulfide and burned filter with borax and place the crucible in a furnace or oven and heat to 1950 degrees F until the gold is a smooth, honey-like liquid with no lumps in it. 24. Immediately, pour the gold into a mold or let it set in the crucible until it is cool. 25. Remove the gold and wash with soap and water. 26. Add 1/4 cup lime juice to the acid mixture to neutralize it and dispose of it immediately." End Quote http://www.49ermike.com/aqua_regia_clean.shtml

Judaism is a religion; period. And converting does not necessarily make one "Jewish".

Charon is correct, but I might add that I can state with some certainty that, in its current emobiment, nanotech is 98% hype and crap. It has become simply a means to end....the end being obtaining (and wasting mostly) venture capital and/or government dollars using a silly buzz word. We could have built perfectly good bombs with that money. Science and the world would benefit greatly if all the "Nanotech Centers" were disbanded and everyone went back to their rightful departments and focused on useful areas of science.......by that I mean stop this pissing contest to make everything smaller than the next guy for the sake of making it smaller than the next guy. Do something with it for God's sake. Lord help the next doe-eyed person that comes to my door, nanotubes in hand, wanting me to do something cool with them; without any idea of a useful application that they could be used in themselves.

Doh. I hate when this happens. This whole study was about outliers. This is probably a good example of nature vs nurture gender roles in an small, physically & genetically quite distinct population. But it is not a strong case for the basis of gender roles in the population as a whole. In order for a conclusion to be applicable to the general population, the sample used in the study MUST reasonably represent that population. As described, this one most certainly does not represent the general polulation. Case not solved. PS: I do not intend to critisize you with these statements, just point out a big issue with the study/conclusion you have objectively reported.

Read.... Quote: http://chemistry.about.com/cs/howthingswork/a/aa120703a.htm "Colligative Properties and Freezing Point Depression If you live in an area with a cold and icy winter, you have probably experienced salt on sidewalks and roads, used to melt the ice and snow and keep it from refreezing. Salt is also used to make homemade ice cream. In both cases, the salt works by lowering the melting or freezing point of water. The effect is termed 'freezing point depression'. How Freezing Point Depression Works When you add salt to water, you introduce dissolved foreign particles into the water. The freezing point of water becomes lower as more particles are added until the point where the salt stops dissolving. For a solution of table salt (sodium chloride, NaCl) in water, this temperature is -21°C (-6°F) under controlled lab conditions. In the real world, on a real sidewalk, sodium chloride can melt ice only down to about -9°C (15°F). Colligative Properties Freezing point depression is a colligative property of water. A colligative property is one which depends on the number of particles in a substance. All liquid solvents with dissolved particles (solutes) demonstrate colligative properties. Other colligative properties include boiling point elevation, vapor pressure lowering, and osmotic pressure. More Particles Mean More Melting Power Sodium chloride isn't the only salt used for de-icing, nor is it necessarily the best choice. Sodium chloride dissolves into two types of particles: one sodium ion and one chloride ion per sodium chloride 'molecule'. A compound that yields more ions into a water solution would lower the freezing point of water more than salt. For example, calcium chloride (CaCl2) dissolves into three ions (one of calcium and two of chloride) and lowers the freezing point of water more than sodium chloride. Here are some other de-icing compounds: Chemicals Used to Melt Ice Name Formula Lowest Practical Temp Pros Cons Ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4 -7°C (20°F) Fertilizer Damages concrete Calcium chloride CaCl2 -29°C (-20°F) Melts ice faster than sodium chloride Attracts moisture, surfaces slippery below -18°C (0°F) Calcium magnesium acetate (CMA) Calcium carbonate CaCO3, magnesium carbonate MgCO3, and acetic acid CH3COOH -9°C (15°F) Safest for concrete & vegetation Works better to prevent re-icing than as ice remover Magnesium chloride MgCl2 -15°C (5°F) Melts ice faster than sodium chloride Attracts moisture Potassium acetate CH3COOK -9°C (15°F) Biodegradable Corrosive Potassium chloride KCl -7°C (20°F) Fertilizer Damages concrete Sodium chloride (rock salt, halite) NaCl -9°C (15°F) Keeps sidewalks dry Corrosive, damages concrete & vegetation Urea NH2CONH2 -7°C (20°F) Fertilizer Agricultural grade is corrosive " http://chemistry.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?zi=1/XJ&sdn=chemistry&cdn=education&tm=88&gps=170_25_1020_543&f=11&tt=2&bt=0&bts=0&zu=http%3A//www.howstuffworks.com/question58.htm "Why do they use salt to melt ice on the road in the winter? If you live in a place that has lots of snow and ice in the winter, then you have probably seen the highway department spreading salt on the road to melt the ice. You may have also used salt on ice when making home-made ice cream. Salt lowers the freezing/melting point of water, so in both cases the idea is to take advantage of the lower melting point. Ice forms when the temperature of water reaches 32 degrees Fahrenheit (0 degrees Celsius). When you add salt, that temperature drops: A 10-percent salt solution freezes at 20 F (-6 C), and a 20-percent solution freezes at 2 F (-16 C). On a roadway, this means that if you sprinkle salt on the ice, you can melt it. The salt dissolves into the liquid water in the ice and lowers its freezing point. If you ever watch salt melting ice, you can see the dissolving process happen -- the ice immediately around the grain of salt melts, and the melting spreads out from that point. If the temperature of the roadway is lower than 15 F or so, then the salt really won't have any effect -- the solid salt cannot get into the structure of the solid water to start the dissolving process. In that case, spreading sand over the top of the ice to provide traction is a better option. When you are making ice cream, the temperature around the ice cream mixture needs to be lower than 32 F if you want the mixture to freeze. Salt mixed with ice creates a brine that has a temperature lower than 32 F. When you add salt to the ice water, you lower the melting temperature of the ice down to 0 F or so. The brine is so cold that it easily freezes the ice cream mixture. " End Quotes.

I for one would be happier with a candidate with a high degree of integrity but that I disagree with ideologically over one with lesser integrity that I mostly agree with ideologically. I should say apparent ideology...you often can't be sure about someone's true ideology in politics....so I agree with Ecoli's statement re rhetoric. I think I went through the later scenario in the first Clinton administration and do not wish to go through it again. Of course I absolutely do not wish to disagree ideologically with my candidate/president AND have no confidence in his/her integrity either........a la the current administration and certain of the 08 candidate(s) whose name(s) I will not mention because it always upsets someone( people) when I trash this(ese) candidate(s)

CWho, Can you clarify what it is you are getting at? I'm lost......