Tearfeather

Gut is an external sphere of our body, so there is no need to recognize everything that's in it as self and non-self.

As already was told PUBMED is one of preferable sources of scientific information. I want only to give some useful tips using pubmed If you want to enrich your knowledge start with searching "reviews" in pubmed and not "articles", they will give you a wide information on everything known / discovered untill today on selected topic. For finding only reviews you have to specify on search window your topic of interest and you will have to add "review" word. For example: you want to find some information on Ecoli, you write in search window "Ecoli and reviews" or even without "and". Moreover, if you want to see only a free/open for public articles or reviews go to extended search and mark "only full articles" there. Good luck

I will try to help you if you will give me more details. from where you trying to extract them?! if you inject thioglycolate to mice peritoneum you enrich macrophages population.

and probably you won't see.. IMO there is two major reasons for that: 1# Biologists as most of us agree are very poor in math. They don't get needed background in math in their undergrad. So when I (for example) have to decide what to teach, I prefer to give my students minimum math formulas and models, which they will find hard to understand, will loss me, and will miss the point in trying to grasp the meaning of the given math formula. 2# Most of immunologists, virologists and bacteriologists are practical and not theoretical, so they prefer to do a test instead of trying some known math model which will not replace practical examination anyway. For example: when I have to determine virus replication time, I prefer to do very simple test instead of using suit model for that, which will not as I said will ''free'' me from experiment, and for just seeing if this particular model works in my virus and my system as well as in HIV for example I don't see as necessary.. virology like immunology theories changes all the time, so for a middle researcher who wasn't ''grown'' on math, very hard to relay on known math models which for today don't replace practical examinations that you need when you try to publish an article.

Are biologists poorly trained? IMO absolutely! I Israel its the same system, I give immunology course for undergraduate students and what I decide to teach I will teach. There are some lecturers that for last 20 years teach the same course without changing/editing any contents... and no one tells them nothing.. agree with every word! I have to admit.. that till now (finishing my PhD this year) when I have to do complicated (for me) and important statistical calculations, like for in-vivo results, I'm going to statistician, and ask him to check me ..(can you imagine we, ''dumb'' biologists, have a special man in our faculty who do statistical calculations for us..what a shame..). But how can I blame the students when we had only one basic statistical course in our first year study, when more than a half of the students didn't knew for what they even need this..?! we have pretty much the same system, so I don't think that in professional side we have problems. and even if we feel we have gap in some subject we always can use a PubMed;) I think our problem is with math and statictics. we must increase the count and the level of this courses that are given to biologists.

that's exactly what pine_smile wants to do, (he explained it to me in private message), like you said ''improbable, but not impossible'', very interesting hypothesis. I agree this project require a big budget, I don't know if it worth it, especially if you want to do it as you graduate project. In molecular biology work you need a lot of patience, and luck:), it may take time till you will get your first observations, which could tell you if your theory was correct, and time is very limited and important in graduate work. But if you need to do it to a company or like undergraduate work, maybe its worth to try:).

I don't think it worth to take some loans for your bachelor's study, especially if (as yousay) you have a chance to find a job (and not as a teacher). I think you should go to work, try to find a work which will be close to your future study interests, get experience its very important in research and will help you in your bachelor study.

Why you think UVC might induce mutations. the survived bacteria as far as I know was mutated that's right, but that doesn't mean mutations were induced in them?! or maybe I don't understand something.

Thank you very much for your answer , I think I didn't described my problem correct. I want to know the difference between this two types of the macrophages having the same source. Peritoneal macrophages went throw the similar maturation pathway like Bone Marrow (BM) derived ones, the difference is that BM derived cells were maturated in vitro and Peritoneal cells were extracted from mice, so, BM macrophages are like ''virgin'' cells that never met pathogen before, and the peritoneal cells already may have some ''life'' experience. My question refered to people who had some experience with this two kinds of macrophages and may tell me if there is some difference in biochemical level between this two types of cells.

As I read this topic I remembered the issue that bothered me not long ago, maybe somebody here has an answer for me, I will apriciate it very much. what is the difference between primery macrophages extracted from mice peritoneum, and monocytes extracted from BM of the same mice and stimulated for one week with M-CSF?!

For a long time already, scientists and MD doctors are trying to find the ''formula'' that would help them to decide exact drug dosage for each patients. I agree with what you said that the best way is to look at patients genes, BUT as you know we live in capitalistic world and genes tests costs a lot of money, moreover they take a lot of time wich usually patient doesn't have...so, genes examination is good in CSI movies, but unfortunately in real life we have to find cheeper and faster ways.

np

that's not what I said?! ''In bacterial infections we have antibiotics that kill the pathogen ...In viral infection the antibodies neutralize the virus and prevent its spread to new cells.''

Truth is that antibodies are very important in both kinds of infections (bacterial and viral) especially in viral infection! In bacterial infections we have antibiotics that kill the pathogen and antibodies only helps by opsonizing the bacteria. In viral infection the antibodies neutralize the virus and prevent its spread to new cells. So the ''only'' thing that is left to immun system (NK cells, Tc cells etc.) is to eliminate already infected cells. In emerging infectious diseases, like WN - fever, we use immunoglobulins to treat hard patients