zule

I don’t know about this subject, but I think that we can help you in the forum to look up about it if you can provide us more information. For example: How much time ago did you suffer the injury? Was the injury in the spinal cord or in the arm itself? In what way the injury has been improving in the time? Some other data provided by the doctors who have treated the lesion…

This link doesn’t talk about a mutant RNA. Millions or RNA mutations are produced constantly, but aren’t inherited. In this case, the mutant gene (DNA) produces a big amount of RNA (not-mutated RNA). So it is easy that part of this RNA survives enough time to interfere with the normal gene and avoid in this way that this last one be expressed as it should (although the mutant gene is not yet there). But the newborn mice aren’t inheriting RNA mutations. The RNA that is in the egg or the spermatozoid hasn’t being mutated. It simply was produced in so many amounts that would have enough time to produce a paramutation in the normal gene before being degraded. This paramutaion in the DNA could be inheritable to following generations, but the initial RNA is going to be degraded, is not mutated and is not inheritable. Nobody can say that this paper suggest that RNA mutations could be inherited.

The whole World will be very grateful if you can provide any link that shows how animal RNA mutations can be inherited from one generation to another With regard to the remainder of the post, sorry, I can’t understand . I give up.

I don’t understand perfectly your post, but I’m going to answer what I understand. There are genetic diseases that are caused by the production of an anomalous protein. If we introduce into a stem cell the gene (DNA) that produces the anomalous protein, we can imitate that disease. RNA can’t pass heritable information, only DNA is inherited. DNA is transcribed into RNA and, in this way, RNA can be translated into proteins. If we use an interference-RNA, this one will interfere with its correspondent RNA, avoiding its translation into a protein. So if we use the interference-RNA which corresponds with the protein which lack or shortage produces the disease, we will be imitating that disease. I don’t see how working with stem cells to cure diseases can affect very much to the environment.

Firstly, as this work is directed towards the fight against several genetic diseases, it’s probable that it will be a lot of donors with these diseases, because this study favours them. On the other hand, stem cells can be genetically modified. Besides, you can use several techniques to avoid the expression of certain proteins and in this way emulating a genetic disease. One example would be interference-RNA. I don't get the meaning of this paragraph. Could you explain it in an easier way?

Thank you iNow and swansot for the links. I have had a look at them now, but I will look at them better. And iNow, the only thing I know a little is about biochemistry, but I am totally lost in Psychiatry or Psycology, so it’s very difficult that you find something too elementary for me… I think that if I had had a physical trauma, for example, I had fallen down from the bed and injured my head, the most probable is that the following day my head hurted, and I don't remeber that happening. I know, as swansot also have said,that most people don't remember almost anything has happened to him before the six years old. But the strange thing is not that I don’t remember anything before three years old. The strange thing is that I remember that day getting up and don’t remembering anything of my short existence. I remember I was perfectly aware of having lost my memories and about the oddness of not remembering anything of my life. I remember the following days thinking about the strange it was that I couldn’t remember anything previously to that odd getting up. I knew that I had had some memories before and those ones were missed for ever. I even remember vividly a dream I had some days after that.

When I was three years old, something odd happened to me and perhaps someone in this forum could explain it. I got up one morning and I couldn’t remember anything that had happened to me, neither the previous day, nor any day in my life. However, I knew my name, my age, who my father, mother, brother and rest of my family were, I could talk… Nobody could say that anything was different in me, but I wasn’t remembering anything. And I have never remembered again anything previous to that day, although I remember that day and I also remember more things than most of people do of the time I was three years old after that day.

In Spain is very difficult finding a job as a researcher… Do you know what does a biochemist who works ask to one who doesn’t work?... Do you want it with cheese or without cheese?

Sinoatrial node cells don’t work exactly as neurons. In vertebrates, these cells are specialized muscular cells. In the sinoatrial node cells we can’t talk about a stable resting potential, because the membranes of these cells suffer a continued depolarization, named pacemaker potential, which precedes to every action potential. Pacemaker activity originates in time-dependant changes in membrane conductance. Depolarization starts immediately after the previous action potential, when membrane conductance for the K(+) is very high. Then, K(+) conductance goes gradually down and membrane is depolarized due to the existence of a continuous high conductance for the Na(+). Hodking cycle predominates then to produce the fast regenerative ascent of the cardiac action potential. This automatically produced potential is then driven to the neighbouring cells that don’t have the pacemaker function. These neighbouring cells have a real resting potential and they arrive at the action potential thanks to the modulation of Ca(++), Na(+) and K(+) channels.

Could anyone explain me what does “the flow of electrons that the body somehow manages to break down” mean? As my English is not good at all, I don’t know if I understand this phrase: I would say that it means “ruining electrons”, but that doesn’t make sense to me. Anyway, the electric impulse through the cells is not transmitted exactly as through an electric wire. Instead moving electrons, atoms whith a positive charge (cations) are driven from the exterior into the cell. The cells in repose have potential difference with the cellular exterior; the inner of the cell has a more negative charge. The entrance of Na (+) and Ca(+) into sinoatrial cells change this potential and this prompts the opening of Ca(+) and Na (+) channels in the neighbouring cells. In this way, the neighbouring cells also change the potential and the electric impulse is driven.

Perfection is a word that makes me tremble with fear. Besides, a perfect human would not be a human. However, I think that the “brain-machine” would be a good idea for people with diseases. For example, a machine that would keep our memories; so, if we in the future suffer Alzheimer, could connect to that machine and recuperate those memories which we are not humans anymore without. So, I think it’s a good idea to have artificial devices that allow us to be again humans, but I fear the connection to devices that makes us not being humans. I don't know if you have read about a research team (Tsien et al.) who are working in translating the memory language in a binary one. They are only at the beginning but I find their work very interesting. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=17925242&ordinalpos=4&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum

I think it would depend on the proliferation speed you want to get, but an appropriate amount could be 50 ng/ml.

It is not my intention to upset you, but I would swear, basing on what you have wrote in this thread, that you don’t know anything about basic brain physiology. I think you want to start the house for the roof… But don’t worry; I neither think that Fred56 knows what he is talking about. Nervous transmission is not only electric transmission; part of the time, the impulse is transmitted electrically and part of the time chemically (by neurotransmitters). Once the impulse arrive at a glutamatergic neuron (presynaptic neuron), prompts the release of glutamate to the synapses. This glutamate joints to glutamate receptors in the postsynaptic neuron, prompting a signal cascade. In the first link that iNow have put, you can see an example of signal cascade. Although this example shows the pathway of metabotropic receptors ad in the case of glutamate the main implicated are the ionotropic receptors, while metabotropic ones are modulators, I think this could serve as explanation. At the end of the signal cascade, we get, through the activation of proteins the “Short Term Memory”. For example, we are going to dial a phone number, someone tells us that number and we immediately dial it. But 10 minutes after that, we don’t remember that number. If we want to remember that phone name for dialling it other day, we have to concentrate and repeat that number. On this way, we made a “Long Term Potentiation” or a “Long Term Depression”: we are prompting repeated stimulations of the glutamatergic neuron and so repeated release of pools of glutamate and activation of the signalling cascades. This lead to activation of several genes that will prompt the phenomenon of synaptic plasticity: it will be a variation in interneuron connexion (the physical change) and we have got the “Long Term Memory”

Sorry, I can’t express myself fine in English:doh: . When I use “I believe”, I refer to “I believe is a significant physical change”, it could not be considered a significant physical change… I’m a biochemist and I am working in neurochemistry (in Spain there’s not a profession called neurochemistry). So, it’s my professional opinion that for memory formation new synapses must be established by means of LTP, which works thanks to glutamate receptors activation. There is not something new, you can find this in any good neurochemistry book.

Although I agree with iNow about the little is known on this subject and the complexity of the question, I think that a summarized and simplified answer could be given: I believe that a significant physical change produced in memory formation is the establishment of new synapses between neurones. This process, by means of which new communications between neurones are built, is known as “Long Term Potentation (LTP)” and the main implicated neurotransmitter is glutamate.

It has been shown that so smokers as ex-smokers have increased amounts of the enzyme PKA. As the activation of this enzyme drives to production of dopamine, this would be at least one of the causes of the neuroprotective effect of nicotine against Parkinson Disease.

When I talked about “people with problems that cut themselves”, I was speaking of mostly teenagers that feel so bad about themselves that need to self-hurt for mechanisms similar to other diseases like anorexia. I didn’t mean that people that like being cut for pleasure have problems. I know people that like being cut, put on needles or even sewed. iNow, talking about spicy food, I think you will find interesting this paper http://sulcus.berkeley.edu/mcb/165_001/papers/manuscripts/_559.html that is about the capsaicin, the causing for the chilli peppers being spicy, which activate a pain pathway, causing in that way pleasure;) : “So what is this addiction that chili eaters have with eating spicy food. If capsaicin initially induces powerful discharges of substance P in the pain pathway (and later reduces our sensitivity to pain), so much that many people hate to each spicy food, then how is it that so many of us cannot eat without it in our foods? This is due to the fine line between pain and pleasure. When there is an increased concentration of B-endorphins (an opioid agonist), this stimulates the dopaminergic system to release more dopamine, which activates the reward circuit. This reward circuit is also known as the limbic system area, which runs in the brain from the ventral tegmentum, to the nucleus acumbens”. Although our neural connexions are constantly changing because that is the way how learning and memory processes work, this are only little changes if we compare them with the high number of connexions in the brain. So, most of the connexions are already formed at three years old. When a baby has just born, any stimulus will produce big changes in synaptic connexions, but when we are adults we need very powerful stimuli to produce any notorious change. D1 receptors seem to cause the psychological displeasure of pain which is also produced previously to the pain. If submissive people had less D1 receptors, we would have less problems, for example, when we are waiting for the dentist to inject us, but I assure you that I have to put myself together for not going running from the dentist chair… That displaceable sensation appears before and after the pain in “normal situations” for submissive people and even masochists. It’s only in special situations, with special people, that this displeasure is changed for pleasure and for that I think about the feelings as disruptors of the usual displeasure pathway. On the other hand, I don’t know if D1 receptors are implicated in other process and what effect would have their decrease. But I read (now I don’t remember where, but I will try to look for it) that there are people that is born without pain pathways because the substance P is not active and most of them die when they are children because is very difficult to know if something is wrong with yourself if you don’t feel pain.

There are people more submissive that get their pleasure mainly because the dominant get pleasure. The submissive is happy being humiliated by a dominant person who likes humiliating the first one, but that doesn’t mind that the submissive person like to be humiliated for anyone. When the dominant part produces physic pain on the submissive part, the submissive part gets pleasure because this pain made him/her feel subdued to the dominant one. The masochist person obtains directly his/her pleasure through the pain. But I don’t know about any masochist person that gets pleasure when he hurts himself by accident and I don’t think that there are pure masochists or submissive persons. I think that each submissive person has more or less or masochist and vice verse. When the painful stimulus is produced, first, the substance P prompts the physical sensation of pain, but the production of endorphins calm this physical sensation and even can produce a pleasant sensation. I suppose that a masochist produces great amounts of endorphins against the painful stimulus and so, pleasure can get not realizing of pain. The amount of pain for the threshold not being gone beyond would be different in each person. But only in certain situations this pain is pleasurable: Feelings have to be implicated in order pleasure overcomes pain. The production of endorphin prompts the release of dopamine. Although dopamine is a “pleasure hormone”, main artist in the reward pathways, some works seem to indicate that it could be the cause of the psychological displeasing feeling of the pain. D1 receptors seem to produce the displeasuring effect, while D2 would produce pleasure. So, my idea is that submissive people are prone to drive this dopamine to an area where there will be most of D2 receptors instead the area where the pain routes arrive with most of D1 in them. And this detour would be prompted by the nervous stimulation produced by the feelings. Perhaps submissive people have “pleasure areas” with D2 very near “displeasure areas” with D1, and that lead to “confusion”. Some of I have wrote are of course only suppositions, so, if anybody want to correct me, I will be grateful. Cordial greetings zule

Sorry for the delay in answering this post, but I need a little time to answer it properly and time is something that I always lose and never find. But I think I will be able to answer on Sunday at the latest. Greetings. zule

Some time ago, looking for related to BDSM biochemistry papers, I found this one about love biochemistry. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=15990719&ordinalpos=13&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum I think it is very interesting zule

Thank you for your help, iNow. I hadn’t used that word combination and find that paper. In that paper was cited other paper that led me to other ones and so to useful information that I have still to review better in order to know about the subject I am interested. More than exciting me, BDSM relaxes me. Besides, it’s something that has always been inside me: when I was a little girl, I didn’t want to be the princess of the film, I wanted to be the slave or the kidnapped girl. I am myself more submissive than masochist, but I know other people that are masochist and already during their childhood they liked producing pain themselves (not in a insane way as people that have problems and cut themselves because they almost can’t avoid it, but producing light pain that was rewarded with pleasure). For all that, I think that this tendency to BDSM it’s produced by the interneuron connexions that are formed during the very first years of life. And I am specially interested in the interaction of the feelings with the perception of the pain and humiliation. Because submissive and masochist people like being humiliated or produced pain by people that are attracted to, but we hate the same that other people having a toothache or being humiliated at work.

I belong to a forum dedicated to BDSM (Bondage- Domination- Submission- SadoMasochism). I am besides a biochemist, which makes me very interested in the transformation from pain to pleasure. There are a thread opened in the forum entitled “From the pain to the pleasure, is there only biochemist?” http://www.clubsumision.com/showthread.php?t=1633 (sorry, it is written in Spanish). On this thread we have argued about the steps who can produce this pleasant sensation when the pain and humiliation are produced in certain situations from certain people to certain other people. For example the action of the endorphins could be stronger in masochist people (perhaps they have excess of certain receptors for these neurotransmitters); dopamine could act more in pleasure areas than in pain areas in submissive people… I have look up PUBMED for biochemist articles about BDSM, but I haven’t found anything interesting, there is only something from the point of view of the Psychiatry. So I would be very grateful if someone could tell me about some work in this subject. If there is not anything directly related to BDSM, if could be some work dedicated to the physiology of the pain aimed to pain killers or something like that who could explain in part how the neurotransmitter routes could reduce the pain. Thank you very much. zule