K. Margiani

QUASARS OBSERVATIONAL FACT-MODERN INTERPRETATION 1. Quasars have rapid light variations - Most quasars light come from a small source of solar system dimensions, even in quasars as big as giant galaxies. (Explosions of stellar and planetary-sized objects are often to the Super Giant Ultra Dense Nucleus (SGUDN) of quasar). 2. Even high-redshift quasars have long jets - Such jets are largest contiguous structures in the universe which forms thick proto-nebulas of dwarf and giant galaxies. 3. Quasars have little or no visible angular extent – SGUDN of quasar has little or no visible angular extent. Only the center SGUDN of the galaxy-like mass which produces the energy is visible. 4. Features in quasar jets are observed to move outward – Of course, for formation new galaxies. 5. The angular size of visible nebulas surrounding some quasars does not diminish, and may even increase, with increasing redshift – Because, only Super Giant High-Redshift Quasars (SGHRQ) are seen, with increasing redshifts. SGHRQ are more energetic. 6. Some high-redshift quasars are relatively bright - Because, they are SGHRQ. Huge nuclear energy mechanism around SGUDN produces equivalent of thousands of supernovas per year, enabling them to be bright at great distances. 7. Quasars do not exhibit the type of brightness-number relationship found for galaxies. The distribution is flat out to nearly redshift z = 2, then drops sharply – because quasars are not galaxies. Quasars are of any sizes from micro-quasars to galaxy-sized star-like bodies. 8. Small redshift and large-redshift quasars are found infrequently – because largest-redshift quasars we could not see still. Small-redshift quasars existence imposible, they can rapidly eat all surrounded galaxies and each other too. 9. Discrete X-ray sources are found in our own galaxy and in some quasars and related objects - X-ray sources are proof strongest interaction into ultra dense volume between huge amounts of particles. Huge source is proof of huge nuclear reactions around SGUDN inside galaxy-sized nuclear clouds. 10. An X-ray flare from a quasar with z = 0.14 was observed to increase its brightness by 67% in just three minutes - These X-rays must be relativistically directed toward us in a narrow, short-lived beam by hit and eaten star in thee minutes. 11. The calculated charged particle density is a function of inferred distance - The calculated charged particle density is a function of inferred distance and explosive force of a star or planet to the SGUDN of quasar. 12. Some low redshift galaxies have associated quasars. Some of those appear to be connected to the galaxies - because redshift is only exact evidence (denotation, length calibration) and function of inferred distance. 13. Quasars, even at high redshifts, are frequently accompanied by faint galaxies at small separations – Because quasars are forming galaxies. 14. The magnitudes and angular separations of quasar-galaxy pairs are correlated with the galaxy redshift - This is the parent-quasar galaxy relationship. 15. Where distant clusters of galaxies are observed, quasars are generally not found in them – in this distant voids merging galaxies are not still. If not so all a quasar could eat some of them and quasar would be seen there. 16. Quasars with redshifts greater than 1.5 show no tendency toward galaxy-like clustering or voids – Smaller than 1.5 quasars are nearby, and should therefore display clustering. Redshift is the distance indicator and we can see galaxy-like clustering (RECYCLING AND RENEWING PROCESSES OF GALAXIES) or voids. 17. Quasars do show strong, large-scale clustering around nearby galaxy groups, such as the Virgo and Sculptor clusters and M87 – because higher-redshift galaxies we could not see to the higher-red shift quasars. 18. Absorption lines in the spectra of quasar light are quite narrow – Huge radiations of exploded stellar and planetary chemical elements from SGUDN of quasar are absorbing by same chemical elements of huge a galaxy-sized nuclear and molecular clouds surrounded the quasar (SGUDN). 19. The number of absorption line systems seen in Lyman alpha does not monotonically increase with redshift. Low-z quasars such as 3C 273 (z = 0.16) have as many absorption systems as high-z quasars – Because each quasar has own absorption system, galaxy-sized nuclear clouds created by huge nuclear reactions around SGUDN feeding stellar and planetary systems. 20. Quasar jets have variable polarization due to a magnetic field – Quasars’ jets consistence is thick separated nebulas (huge nuclear and molecular clouds) of proto galaxies and are heavy-ionized. Interaction between particles creates variable polarization due to a magnetic field. Each cloud will creates parent star of galaxy or globular cluster later with variable polarization due to a magnetic field. 21. So-called "iron quasars" contain extremely strong emission lines from ionized iron – Iron as well as other metals is proof about huge planetary meal by quasar now. Huge radiations of exploded planetary chemical elements from SGUDN of quasar are absorbing by same chemical elements of huge a galaxy-sized nuclear and molecular clouds surrounded the SGUDN.

BB-The dead universe theory I’ve tired to discuss BB-The dead universe theory. We’ve discovered very many recycling and renewing processes. Galaxies chaotically moving in the universe, creating conglomerations by own huge gravitations. Galaxies have different direction in the conglomerations and this is reason hit and destroy or formation giant elliptical galaxies. There are old red stars only within elliptical galaxies. Elliptical galaxies are formed after cyclonic merging. Merging two old spiral galaxies are reason of quasars formation inside. http://www.cosmogeology.ge/chapter-9.htm 1. Universe has no borders 2. Universe has no age 3. Universe has no origin. 4. Distribution galaxies are chaotically. 5. Distribution quasars are chaotically 6. Movement galaxies are very different (evidence is merging) 7. Main source of transfer energy in the universe is quasar. 8. Main recycling source in the renewable universe are hit between galaxies, quasars, black holes and stars. We can see Recycling and renewing processes. There are a lot of evidences. Quantum tiredness theory is true. Quantum tiredness ( redshift ) help us to understand distance to the galaxies. Approximately age of solar system is 5,000,000,000 years and there no dispute… We’ve proved. http://www.cosmogeology.ge/chapter-28.htm The Link is strong evidence of my theory, Theory of renewable universe. note: main source of energy transfer in the universe is quasar and main recycling sources are hit between galaxies, quasars, stars and black holes If there would be even only one gigantic explosion, every galaxy would be moving without resistance through the universe after explosion. The universe would grow in volume little by little, galaxies would not be come into collision with each other and quasars wouldn’t be created. If the theory of Hubble is right, scientists couldn’t be able to see any quasars and galaxies conglomerates with their powerful telescopes. We would not be found the “Galaxy cannibalisms”, galaxies merging in the universe and we could have seen only red-shifts in the nearest galaxies' spectrums. We would not be discovering M-87 and similar centers of huge explosions. Result of the only one gigantic explosion would be cause to grow old all of the galaxies little by little. Every star would explode little by little, when they would exhaust their energy resources. Finish of the Hubble’s theory is night sky without stars. After for milliards of years evolution whole universe would grow old little by little, galaxies would not be destroyed and stop its existence. Only the black holes, black interstellar clouds formed from the collapsed stars, and the night sky without stars would be left (DEAD UNIVERSE!!!). Hubble’s theory can not explain elementary cosmic phenomena; about future merging of Andromeda and our galaxies. Andromeda doesn’t have red-shift in its spectrum, why??? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andromeda-Milky_Way_collision http://www.news.utoronto.ca/bin/000414b.asp My theory is the theory of renewable universe. Hubble’s theory is Theory of dead universe. The Milky Way and the Andromeda galaxy will likely fall together and merge within a few billion years.К In this speculative simulation, the two galaxies flyby one another, exciting tidal tails and bridges and collide on a second pass finally merging after several convulsions.К The last remnants of the smashed spirals show up as shells and ripples surrounding a newborn elliptical galaxy. Video. http://www.galaxydynamics.org/spiral_metamorphosis.html

I have observational confirmations and it is truth. Hubble's theory is wrong. Universe has no age! Universe has no origin! Universe has no borders! There are recycling and renewing! I have observational confirmations. http://www.scienceforums.net/forum/showthread.php?t=30742 The link can help you to understand truth. The next link can help you to understand many secrets of the universe. http://www.cosmogeology.ge/chapter-9.htm

How the Galaxies are Formed? Logically, what is born has to die. Usually elliptical galaxy can create after cyclonic merging of two spiral galaxies (galaxy cannibalism). huge gravitation of the giant elliptical galaxy M87 could cannibalize dwarf and giant spiral neighbor galaxies later. "Neighbor" ellipse galaxy M87 has quasar inside and gives birth fiery “small” proto-galaxies nebula-nucleuses. We can see vividly erupted proto-galaxy masses from core of M87. “Small” proto-galaxies nebula-nucleuses are creating dwarf galaxies. After eruption from quasar proto-galactic mass has enormous temperature, hundreds of millions degrees. http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap040616.html http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap041211.html Evolution stages of galaxy formation: 1. Axial hit between galaxies 2. Extension stage. Erupted proto-galactic masses moving through space begin extending. 3. Compression stage. Extended thick proto-galactic plasmatic masses begin compressing. There is forming ultra dense nucleus (UDN) inside, by huge gravitation of thick proto-galactic plasmatic masses. There are demolishing everything to the level of protons and neutrons within UDN. Formation working core and shell (Super-massive parent star of a galaxy). At the end of compression, enormous star-like body is formed. It can has mass of millions or billions of times bigger mass of our Sun. 4. New galaxy formation after powerful eruptions from poles of parent star. a) dwarf and giant spiral galaxies. After powerful eruptions from poles of parent star are forming spiral galaxies. Of course size of future spiral galaxy is closely connected to the size of its parent star. a) Small parent star creates globular cluster. (there is eruption all over the surface of small parent star) b) Average sized parent star creates small spiral galaxies. (There is eruption from magnetic poles and formation two branches). c) Super-massive parent star creates giant spiral galaxies. (There is eruption from magnetic poles and formation two branches too). Note. dwarf galaxies are ejected in the inter-galactic space. They are very different small conglomeration of stars. After powerful eruptions from magnetic poles; size, eruption process and gravitation of parent star permanently is decreasing. because it can loss small parts to the end of a branches. dwarf galaxies are ejected in the inter-galactic space by Quasars too. We can see proto-galactic fiery masses on the radio map of M87 ejected from quasar. They can create globular clusters mainly. Elliptical galaxy M87 is a type of galaxy that looks much different than our own Milky Way Galaxy. Even for an elliptical galaxy, though, M87 is peculiar. M87 is much bigger than an average galaxy, appears near the center of a whole cluster of galaxies known as the Virgo Cluster, and shows an unusually high number of globular clusters. These globular clusters are visible as faint spots surrounding the bright center of M87. In general, elliptical galaxies contain similar numbers of stars as spiral galaxies, but are ellipsoidal in shape (spirals are mostly flat), have no spiral structure, and little gas and dust. The above image of M87 was taken recently by the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope on top of the dormant volcano Mauna Kea in Hawaii, USA. usually dwarf neighbors galaxies can cannibalized by giant spiral or elliptical galaxies. At the end of the XX century scientific technical progress enabled us to follow such a strange process as the birth of the proto-galaxies masses. space event in the 3C438 is one of the evidences of recycling and renewing in the universe. http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2007/3c438/3c438_radio.jpg We can see extended proto-galactic plasma clouds of different size. Galaxy M87 has the active small quasar inside. From its one of the magnetic poles is the process of permanent eruption still. Radio astronomy enabled us to look into the center of Galaxy M87. We have proved formation of galactic stars by super-massive parent star http://www.cosmogeology.ge/chapter-28.htm

Parent star of our galaxy is died A common sense interpretation of the facts suggests that a super-intellect would connect Physics, as well as Chemistry and Astronomy and Geology, and that there are no blind forces worth speaking about the universe but there are hidden forces too. The observational confirmations from the facts seem to me so overwhelming as to put this conclusion almost beyond question. Although the scientific community's current view is that remnant core of exploded stars is pulsar (neutron star-ultra dense nucleus). It is supported by many researches. Each research where is supported Fe-rich and Ni-rich nucleus of a stars is wrong and unacceptable. colors of all stars are connected to the proton-neutron ratio in the ultra dense nucleus. False image of a star is in the link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Nucleosynthesis_in_a_star.gif The link is wrong. Of course all theories have already connected to this construction are wrong too. Fe-rich and Ni-rich core Unacceptable. Modern observational confirmations and many old scientific researches tell another tale. In the core of all stars temperature is huge. there are protons and neutrons only, In this conditions. H-fusion is closely connected to the decreasing core masses. Proton-neutron ratio changing needs billions of years. Remnant core of exploded stars mainly consist of neutrons only. The remnant ultra dense nucleus (UDN) has own thermal evolution from red-hot (pulsar) to the cold conditions (black hole). Dear reader please write in the search bar of google: “starburst galaxy nucleus” You can find a lot of evidences about star forming from central nucleuses of spiral galaxies. Stars can form only parent star there. There are a lot of evidences eruption young embryonic stars from poles of central nucleuses. You can not find word-“parent” but we have to know, give birth… means parent. What about parent star of our galaxy? It is died as well as parent stars of many surrounded old galaxies . After eruption almost all stars it can die as a star. Of course remnant of super-massive parent star is super-massive black hole. Evidence is in the link: * Video http://www.astro.virginia.edu/class/whittle/astr553/Topic14/M1_MW_nuc.mpg * We can not see invisible cold and black remnant of the parent star but there is strong evidence, nearest orbiting star. *The black hole mass is approximately 3,000,000 times bigger than mass of the Sun. Stars are formed by shell masses of the parent star. The shell is light elements enriched. Approximately 80% is hydrogen there. We know that main fuel of a stars is hydrogen-fusion. **Parent star gives maximal working resource all embryonic stars. Young stars consist of protons (90%) and neutrons (10%) Approximately. It means proton-neutron ratio ( P/n » 9 ) for embryonic stars. Before star explosion approximately *proton-neutron ratio in the UDN is 1/9 ( P/n » 1/9 ). The Hertzsprung-Russell diagram http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertzsprung-Russell_diagram proton-neutron ratio is clue for the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. There is easy understandable that color of a star is not depended to the mass. The diagram is strong evidence. -Most of the stars occupy the region in the diagram along the line called main sequence . It means most embryonic stars are average size stars mainly. During billions of years evolution stars are fusing hydrogen in their cores, they are changing colors and decreasing mass. proton-neutron ratio is changing from 9 to 1/9. hydrogen-fusion all over the ultra dense nucleus is decreasing as well as decreasing shell temperature for billions of years. Color is changing from blue to the red as well as spectrum. -Cepheid variables reside in the upper section of the instability strip. Its instability closely connected to the abundance heavy and super-heavy elements in the sell. Reason is movement through the nebula (nuclear and molecular remnant of exploded stars). variable luminosity is closely connected to the density of a nebula. In the normal stars H - fusion generates ≈ 90%; (NR) Nuclear reactions (explosions) in the deep interior of the spots generate approximately 10% luminosity, NR ≈ 10% (maximal star-spot activity). In the pulsating variable stars *NR ratio can increase from 10% to 100%; 1000% ... etc. I think easy understandable connection rapid variation brightness to the huge nuclear explosions in the deep interior of the shell. *http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instability_strip Each star can instable moving through the nebula. Only dwarfs are not instable. Usually dwarfs are star-like bodies but they are ultra dense nucleuses, remnant core of small exploded stars. Intermediate phase from fiery small pulsar to the cold black hole. There is refrigerated zone of super density. Link is strong evidence. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium_fusion The fusion of helium-4 nuclei (alpha particles) is known as the triple-alpha process beginning before star explosion all over the UDN. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium_fusion Nuclear synthesis reactions rapidly create enormous amount super-heavy nucleuses around core. Truly that is the reason of old star explosion. Star luminosity can increase hundreds of billion times rapidly. Strong evidence about star formation and evolution is in the link: http://www.cosmogeology.ge/chapter-28.htm

-My soul is so light to carry the heavy speculations from my grave. -Future is always true judge. Today's Research, Tomorrow's Reality. -I’m waiting questions. -why proclamation? Intellectual speculations would be closer.

letter N 4 Now we can see vividly gaseouss concentrated interstellar proto-planetary mass objects (letter N 3) (Mathematical scenario hit Sun-like star to the high-dense nebula, nuclear and molecular remnant of rapidly extend ultra-dense nucleus debris). 1. Nuclear, molecular remnant of a ultra dense nucleus debris has abundance heavy elements and approximately density 0.5 gr. is in the Cubic meter. 2. Mass of the Sun. M=2 x (10) 30 kg. 3. Diameter. r=696,000,000 m. 4. Approximately mass of Sun shell is 1÷2 %. We can use approximately mass of the shell. m = 4 x (10) 28 kg; Main mass of the Sun is concentrated within ultra-dense nucleus. After star explosion planets are continuing orbiting ultra-dense nucleus (pulsar). 5. Orbiting velocity of the Sun is approximately 250 kilometers per second. 6. Orbiting approximately distance is 7,884,000,000,000 meter per year. 7. Nebula has opposite direction and approximately velocity is 1000 kilometers per second. 8. Mass of gravitated particles by Sun like star only within the distance: M=5 x (7,884,000,000,000 x 3.14 x 696,000,000 x 696,000,000 x 0, 5)= 2.99 x (10) 28 kg Moving through nebula Sun-like star could capture enormous nuclear and molecular masses of surrounded space. I don’t use into consideration the additional masses. Masses within opposite direction nebula (Sun volume tip configuration) are quite enough for activation the star. Captured nebula mass has main mass in the shell masses. 1. It means abundance light elements and lighter isotopes in the shell will change by abundance heavy elements and heavy isotopes. 2. It means beginning formation of enormous masses super-heavy elements and isotopes of each elements by nuclear-syntheses reaction. 3. It means the spots will cover star surface fully. 4. It means unbelievable activity and rapid variation brightness of the star. 5. It means the variable star’s activity is closely connected to the super-heavy nucleuses sorted by masses in the deep interior of the spots. 6. It means giant nuclear explosions all over the Sun. 7. It means formation enormous amount of super-heavy nucleuses to the magnetic poles. (letter N 3) 8. It means super-giant molecular jets from the poles. 9. It means formation interstellar proto-planetary mass objects of any size. http://ipac.jpl.nasa.gov/media_images/ssc2007-19b.jpg http://ipac.jpl.nasa.gov/media_images/sig07-022.jpg 10. It means revolution in the astronomy.

LETTER N 3 Spinning Top Star, L1157 (EXPLANATION OF NASA) Link-L1157 http://sscws1.ipac.caltech.edu/Imagegallery/image.php?image_name=ssc2007-19a A rare, infrared view of a developing star and its flaring jets taken by NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope (right) shows us what our own solar system might have looked like billions of years ago. In visible light, this star and its surrounding regions are completely hidden in darkness (left). Stars form out of spinning clouds, or envelopes, of gas and dust. As the envelopes flatten and collapse, jets of gas stream outward and a swirling disk of planet-forming material takes shape around the forming star. Eventually, the envelope and jets disappear, leaving a newborn star with a suite of planets. This process takes millions of years. The Spitzer image shows a developing sun-like star, called L1157, that is only thousands of years old (for comparison, our solar system is around 4.5 billion years old). Why is the young system only visible in infrared light? The answer has to do with the fact that stars are born in the darkest and dustiest corners of space, where little visible light can escape. But the heat, or infrared light, of an object can be detected through the dust. In Spitzer's infrared view of L1157, the star itself is hidden but its envelope is visible in silhouette as a thick black bar. While Spitzer can peer through this region's dust, it cannot penetrate the envelope itself. Hence, the envelope appears black. The thickest part of the envelope can be seen as the black line crossing the giant jets. This L1157 portrait provides the first clear look at stellar envelope that has begun to flatten. The color white shows the hottest parts of the jets, with temperatures around 100 degrees Celsius (212 degrees Fahrenheit). Most of the material in the jets, seen in orange, is roughly zero degrees on the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales. The reddish haze all around the picture is dust. The white dots are other stars, mostly in the background. L1157 is located 800 light-years away in the constellation Cepheus. The Spitzer image was taken by the telescope's infrared array camera. Infrared light of 8 microns is colored red; 4.5-micron infrared light is green; and 3.6-micron infrared light is blue. The visible-light picture is from the Palomar Observatory-Space Telescope Science Institute Digitized Sky Survey. Blue visible light is blue; red visible light is green, and near-infrared light is red. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Spinning Top Star, L1157 (COSMOGEOLOGICAL EXPLANATION) Image-L1157 http://ipac.jpl.nasa.gov/media_images/ssc2007-19b.jpg What is this? - There is hit star to the high-dense nebula (cool nuclear and molecular remnant rapid demolished debris of ultra dense nucleus) Video-L1157 http://ipac.jpl.nasa.gov/web_movies/pa/ssc2007-19v1_full.wmv A rare, infrared view of a activated star and its flaring jets taken by NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope shows a activated sun-like star, called L1157. In visible light, this star and its surrounding regions are completely hidden in darkness. Bipolar, or two-sided, outflow is from poles of the star. Rapidly extended beams waves formed visible in silhouette as a thick black dust bar. Thick dark dust silhouette begun flatten to the star's equatorial plane. There is not "envelope". This is cool dust plane of enormous nuclear and molecular masses that are almost flatten by huge explosions in the equatorial plane. While Spitzer can peer through this region's dust, it cannot penetrate the thick dust plane itself. Hence, the plane appears black. The thickest part of the plane can be seen as the black line crossing the giant jets. Dust thick plane is formed when extending nuclear gas ejected from star poles interacts with the surrounding interstellar medium. This L1157 portrait is very interesting. The color white shows the hottest parts of the jets, with temperatures around 100 degrees Celsius (212 degrees Fahrenheit). Most of the material in the jets, seen in orange, is roughly zero degrees on the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales. The reddish haze all around the picture is dust. The white dots are other stars, mostly in the background but there is sensational discovery. Yes, white dots are other stars mostly, but what about another thick white dots or spots? With Spitzer, the star and its dazzling jets of molecular gas appear with clarity. Of course MOLECULAR GAS. How the enormous molecular masses are formed into L1157 or HH46/47 ??? 1. to the end separated enormous old end new molecular beams of L1157 we can observe very interesting small spots. No, they are not stars. separated molecular streams to the end can create thick concentration of molecular masses. It means proto-planetary masses(interstellar proto-planetary mass objects). 2. to the end one of the enormous molecular beams HH46/47, we can observe very interesting giant spot. Moving to the end of enormous molecular beam has almost round probe tip configuration. This is not a star, because we can observe with Spitzer only. Of course the "probe" is giant concentration of molecular masses. Of course we discovered proto-planetary mass of giant interstellar proto-planetary mass object. Image -HH46/47 - http://ipac.jpl.nasa.gov/media_images/sig07-022.jpg Video -HH46/47 - http://ipac.jpl.nasa.gov/web_movies/pa/ssc2003-06v4.wmv Both activated stars are strong evidence recycling within galaxy. Orbiting galaxy centre stars can recycling cool nebula and formation of interstellar fiery planets. It means cool, extension thick molecular dust masses can not form planets. Only fiery thick concentrated molecular masses can form planets without permanent extension. * After hit to the high-dense nebula, abundance light elements and the lighter isotopes of each element in the convection streams of stars are changing. Huge masses gravitated by star into thick high-dense nuclear and molecular*clouds create enormous masses of heavy elements. Abundance light elements are changing by abundance of heavy elements into shell (convection streams). Within shell is beginning huge processes of nuclear synthesis reactions. Compact little masses of super-heavy elements are exploding separately. Permanently mixing super-heavy elements into convection streams star prevent giant explosion but sometimes it happen. Strong magnetic field fully prevent explosion of compact little masses of super-heavy elements to the poles There is Abundance super-heavy elements and its isotopes in the convection streams before super-giant explosion especially to the magnetic poles because enormous amount of ionized super-heavy elements are gathered to the magnetic poles. There are gathered enormous amount heavy and super-heavy atoms sorted by mass. concentration additional super heavy atoms to the poles is reason of catastrophic explosion from poles… Strong magnetic field could not prevent additional enormous amount of super-heavy elements into surrounded volume of poles and event was begun… We can see results only... I try explain clue formation of variable stars; - *eta-Carinae, *L1157, *HH46/47 *and similar events. I recommended you to read research in the link http://www.cosmogeology.ge/chapter-28.htm *you can understand everything… Truth is easy to explain. Truth is victorious!

letter 1 HH46/47 (EXPLANATION OF NASA) http://sscws1.ipac.caltech.edu/Imagegallery/image.php?image_name=ssc2003-06f This image from NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope transforms a dark cloud into a silky translucent veil, revealing the molecular outflow from an otherwise hidden newborn star. Using near-infrared light, Spitzer pierces through the dark cloud to detect the embedded outflow in an object called HH 46/47. Herbig-Haro (HH) objects are bright, nebulous regions of gas and dust that are usually buried within dark clouds. They are formed when supersonic gas ejected from a forming protostar, or embryonic star, interacts with the surrounding interstellar medium. These young stars are often detected only in the infrared. The Spitzer image was obtained with the infrared array camera. Emission at 3.6 microns is shown as blue, emission from 4.5 and 5.8 microns has been combined as green, and 8.0 micron emission is depicted as red. HH 46/47 is a striking example of a low mass protostar ejecting a jet and creating a bipolar, or two-sided, outflow. The central protostar lies inside a dark cloud (known as a 'Bok globule') which is illuminated by the nearby Gum Nebula. Located at a distance of 1140 light-years and found in the constellation Vela, the protostar is hidden from view in the visible-light image (inset). With Spitzer, the star and its dazzling jets of molecular gas appear with clarity. The 8-micron channel of the infrared array camera is sensitive to emission from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. These organic molecules, comprised of carbon and hydrogen, are excited by the surrounding radiation field and become luminescent, accounting for the reddish cloud. Note that the boundary layer of the 8-micron emission corresponds to the lower right edge of the dark cloud in the visible-light picture. Outflows are fascinating objects, since they characterize one of the most energetic phases of the formation of low-mass stars (like our Sun). The jets arising from these protostars can reach sizes of trillions of miles and velocities of hundreds of thousands miles per hour. Outflows are clear evidence of the presence of a process that creates supersonic beams of gas. This mechanism is tightly bound to the presence of circumstellar discs which surround the young stars. Such discs are likely to contain the materials from which planetary systems form. Our Sun probably underwent a similar process some 4.5 billion years ago. Hence the interest in understanding how quickly and efficiently this mass accretion and loss process takes place in protostars. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- HH46/47 (cosmogeological explanations) NOTE: This is not exploded stars by inner forces. Usually they have round shell. This is hit between star and dark High-dense nebula. multi-stage separated debris of black hole ultra dense nucleus are demolishing and expanding rapidly. this is reason of dark High-dense nebula formation. There are very many black holes wandering near the galaxy plane. http://www.cosmogeology.ge/chapter-9.htm They are great problem for gravitational order of the galaxy and dangerous visitors in the plane of stars. I find one of the excellent images of dangerous event. In the image Unwrapping the Pillars is observational confirmation. http://sscws1.ipac.caltech.edu/Imagegallery/image.php?image_name=ssc2007-01d http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap970119.html Image HH 46/47 from NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope transforms a dark cloud into a silky translucent veil, revealing the molecular outflow after hit of star and dark high-dense nebula. Using near-infrared light, Spitzer pierces through the dark cloud to detect the embedded outflow in an object called HH 46/47. Herbig-Haro (HH) objects are bright, nebulous regions of gas and dust that are usually buried within dark clouds. They are formed when supersonic gas ejected after hit of star and dark high-dense nebula. the surrounding shell of remnants is formed by debris of ultra dense nucleus. Usually multi-stage separated debris of ultra dense nucleus are demolishing and expanding rapidly. These hit events are often detected only in the infrared through nuclear clouds. http://ipac.jpl.nasa.gov/web_movies/pa/ssc2003-06v4.wmv The Spitzer image was obtained with the infrared array camera. Emission at 3.6 microns is shown as blue, emission from 4.5 and 5.8 microns has been combined as green, and 8.0 micron emission is depicted as red. HH 46/47 is a striking example between of star and dark high-dense nebula ejecting a jet and creating a bipolar, or two-sided, outflow. The centre of catastrophe lies inside a dark cloud (known as a 'Bok globule') which is illuminated by the nearby Gum Nebula. Located at a distance of 1140 light-years and found in the constellation Vela, the centre of catastrophe is hidden from view in the visible-light image (inset). With Spitzer, the centre of catastrophe and its dazzling jets of molecular gas appear with clarity. The 8-micron channel of the infrared array camera is sensitive to emission from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nuclear synthesis reactions). These organic molecules, comprised of carbon and hydrogen, are excited by the surrounding radiation field and become luminescent, accounting for the reddish cloud. Note that the boundary layer of the 8-micron emission corresponds to the lower right edge of the dark cloud in the visible-light picture. Outflows are fascinating objects; since they characterize one of the most energetic beginning phases of the formation recycling small nebulas. The jets arising from these centre of catastrophe can reach sizes of trillions of miles and velocities of hundreds of thousands miles per hour. Outflows are clear evidence of the presence of a process that creates supersonic beams of gas. This mechanism is not bound to the presence of circumstellar discs which surround the exploded stars (pulsars). Such discs are likely to contain rapid expending shell of star’s core. The jet material can from interstellar planetary mass objects. Any remaining doubts about planetary systems forming directly from spiral galaxy nucleus were further reduced by Wolszczan’s 1994 report of rocky, Earth-like planets orbiting pulsar PSR 1257+12. (pulsar is ultra-dense nucleus and remnant core of exploded star. According by many evidence it mainly consist of neutrons (neutron star). Debris of the ultra dense nucleus (core) are not stabile and rapid demolishing creates enormous high-dense nuclear and molecular black clouds "branches" “Unwrapping Pillars” within galaxy. Evidence in the link above. Core (ultra dense nucleus) has about 90-99% of whole planetary system mass. PSR 1257+12 is reason of very interesting conclusions. 1. Star was exploded but planets were survived. 2. Shell of core has insignificant mass of whole stellar system, because planets are orbiting pulsar still. 3. Rapidly extending shell of low-dense gasses does not create planets because They were existing by explosion time. 4. SUPERNOVA’S CORE IS NOT Fe-RICH REMNANT, IT IS ULTRA DENSE NUCLEUS AND MAINLY CONSIST OF NEUTRONS ONLY. 5. BLACK HOLE IS COOLED PULSAR (NEITRON STAR) There are many wrong data and researches about formation of stars Stars are not forming into nebulas! There are not “embryonic stars”. They are activated stars. Stars are gravitated remnants of exploded stars (light, heavy, super heavy elements and admixtures). This is source of additional huge spot masses (light, heavy, super heavy elements and admixtures) and additional rapid variation brightness. Because the glowing star is alike of an “Embryonic star”… http://ipac.jpl.nasa.gov/media_images/ssc2003-06a2.jpg Look attentively at the picture. You can find enormous hole in the nebula (remnant of a star). Ok. I’ve believed the old scientific fairy-tale about formation of a stars. Ok. Star is formed in the hole. Why other parts of nebula exist still? Why still are not formed stars there? This is observational evidence for open minds only! Where is truth? COSMOGEOLOGYCAL (or modern cosmological) EXPLANATION! Rapid expanding Shell of an exploded star has different velocity Relatively of nearest surrounded stars. The shell could cross nearest star and formed enormous hole. Of coarse star has gravitated surrounded nuclear cloud and created the hole. For open minds I’ve proved that – The stars are not formed into nebula! Where the stars are forming in the galaxy? Where is the parent star? There is only one main space coordinate in the spiral galaxy. CENTRE!!! Our Sun probably underwent an eruption process from SGN (spiral galaxy nucleus) some 5 billion years ago. Hence the interest in understanding how quickly and efficiently this mass accretion and loss process takes place in the centre of SGN. Everything you can understand- in the link- http://www.cosmogeology.ge/chapter-28.htm Truth victorious! I’m continuing publication for open minds, because young generation of scientists has to know truth how stars are forming in the universe. LETTER N 2 http://sscws1.ipac.caltech.edu/Imagegallery/image.php?image_name=ssc2005-23a http://ipac.jpl.nasa.gov/media_images/ssc2005-23b1.jpg What is this??? Is this a remnant of exploded star? Is this a remnant of exploded interstellar planetary mass object? Is this a remnant of black hole? They are main catastrophes in the spiral galaxy. First and second are so small for the event. There are discovered few black holes moving across the galaxy plane. It means, there are a lot of black holes orbiting our galaxy. Could ever a black hole moving across the plane hit a star or another black hole? -Of course! Small amount of stars could survive catastrophes exploded galaxies. Remnant of the stars are traveling in the inter-galaxy space and sometimes are perturbing gravitational order of the galaxies. http://www.nrao.edu/pr/2001/blackhole/ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1541964.stm Heic0211a-Black hole hurtling across the plane of the Milky Way Heic0211b-Black hole hurtling across the plane of the Milky Way Heic0211c-Hubble Space Telescope image shows the Year 2001 observation of the black hole system GRO J1655-40 in the constellation of Scorpius Spitzer’s image IRAC vividly shows that, what is inside multi stage separated neutron clouds. http://ipac.jpl.nasa.gov/media_images/ssc2005-23a1.jpg Yes. You can see excellent image of very dangerous catastrophe made by black hole. Towering Infernos (explanation of NASA) This majestic false-color image from NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope shows the "mountains" where stars are born. Dubbed "Mountains of Creation" by Spitzer scientists, these towering pillars of cool gas and dust are illuminated at their tips with light from warm, embryonic stars. The new infrared picture is reminiscent of Hubble's iconic visible-light image of the Eagle Nebula (inset), which also features a star-forming region, or nebula, that is being sculpted into pillars by radiation and winds from hot, massive stars. The pillars in the Spitzer image are part of a region called W5, in the Cassiopeia constellation 7,000 light-years away and 50 light-years across. They are more than 10 times in the size of those in the Eagle Nebula (shown to scale here). The Spitzer's view differs from Hubble's because infrared light penetrates dust, whereas visible light is blocked by it. In the Spitzer image, hundreds of forming stars (white/yellow) can seen for the first time inside the central pillar, and dozens inside the tall pillar to the left. Scientists believe these star clusters were triggered into existence by radiation and winds from an "initiator" star more than 10 times the mass of our Sun. This star is not pictured, but the finger-like pillars "point" toward its location above the image frame. The Spitzer picture also reveals stars (blue) a bit older than the ones in the pillar tips in the evacuated areas between the clouds. Scientists believe these stars were born around the same time as the massive initiator star not pictured. A third group of young stars occupies the bright area below the central pillar. It is not known whether these stars formed in a related or separate event. Some of the blue dots are foreground stars that are not members of this nebula. The red color in the Spitzer image represents organic molecules known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. These building blocks of life are often found in star-forming clouds of gas and dust. Like small dust grains, they are heated by the light from the young stars, and then emit energy in infrared wavelengths. This image was taken by the Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) on Spitzer. It is a 4-color composite of infrared light, showing emissions from wavelengths of 3.6 microns (blue), 4.5 microns (green), 5.8 microns (orange), and 8.0 microns (red). -------------------------------------------------------------------------- The towering nuclear and molecular nebula. (cosmogeological explanation) This majestic false-color image from NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope shows the "nuclear and molecular Mountains" where stars are "feeding". Dubbed "Mountains of Creation" by Spitzer scientists, these towering pillars of cool neutrons, protons and molecular admixtures are illuminated at their tips with light from warm, feeding stars. http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap970119.html The new infrared picture is reminiscent of Hubble's iconic visible-light image of the Eagle Nebula (inset), which also features a star-feeding region; stars are gravitating nuclear and molecular wind into pillars. The pillars in the Spitzer image are part of a region called W5, in the Cassiopeia constellation 7,000 light-years away and 50 light-years across. They are more than 10 times in the size of those in the Eagle Nebula (shown to scale here). The Spitzer's view differs from Hubble's because infrared light penetrates dust, whereas visible light is blocked by it. In the Spitzer image, hundreds of feeding stars (white/yellow) can seen for the first time inside the central pillar, and dozens inside the tall pillar to the left. Scientists can not believe still, these star clusters are moving through pillars only. Many of them are not pictured, because they are deep into pillars. Where is debris of ultra-dense nucleuses? The finger-like pillars "point" toward its location above the image frame. They are moving as the space-shuttle. The event is observational evidence, small ultra-dense debris are not stabile nucleuses, because they are undergone rapidly multi-stage demolition. Free neutrons and protons are creating huge dark high-dense clouds in the space. The Spitzer picture also reveals stars (blue) a bit colorlessness than the ones in the pillar tips in the evacuated areas between the clouds. Scientists can not believe still these stars have finished feeding. A third group of glowing stars occupies the bright area below the central pillar. It is not known whether these stars have any participation in the feeding. Some of the blue dots are foreground stars that are not members of this nebula. The red color in the Spitzer image represents organic molecules known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. These building blocks of life are often found in star-forming clouds of gas and dust. Like small dust grains, they are heated by the light from the "young" stars, and then emit energy in infrared wavelengths. It means into neutron nebula is huge process formation of chemical elements (nuclear synthesis reactions) and admixtures. This image was taken by the Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) on Spitzer. It is a 4-color composite of infrared light, showing emissions from wavelengths of 3.6 microns (blue), 4.5 microns (green), 5.8 microns (orange), and 8.0 microns (red). Revolution in the Astronomy in the link: http://www.cosmogeology.ge/chapter-28.htm Truth is easy to explain. Truth is victorious!

“Isotopes Tell Sun’s Origin and Operation”. research conclusions ___with cosmogeological explanations. TRUTH IS VICTORIOUS research of Professor O.K. Manuel, Sumeet A. Kamat, and Michael Mozina “Isotopes Tell Sun’s Origin and Operation”.CONCLUSIONS- ___with cosmogeological explanations The most obvious, common sense conclusions with cosmogeological explanations to a seemingly complex set of observations made after B2FH [14] published their classical paper on element synthesis in stars [14]. OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS-with cosmogeological explanations. 1. Decay Products of Short-lived izotophes. Fresh debris from a SN (Supernova)explosion 5 Gy ago formed the entire solar system ___Fresh gaseous huge streams from a SGN (Spiral Galaxy Nucleus) surface explosion 5 Gy ago formed the entire solar system. (Huge unbelievable nuclear reactions into submerged huge SGN spot under huge convection streams of SGN). 2. Isotope Anomalies in Stone Meteorites The axial SN explosion left isotopes, elements unmixed in accretion disk ___The axial SGN surface explosion left isotopes, elements unmixed in solar parent accretion disk, into red-hot huge gaseous proto-planetary parent bodies. Debris of exploded space-bodies (planets, natural moons, interstellar planets and interstellar planetary moons) geo-spheres formed stone meteorites later. 3. Isotope Anomalies in Iron Meteorites Iron-rich SN debris directly formed iron meteorites and planetary cores ___Iron-rich SGN spots gaseous huge streams directly formed planets and Iron-rich planetary cores. Debris of exploded iron-rich space-bodies (planets, natural moons, interstellar planets and interstellar planetary moons) geo-spheres formed iron meteorites later. 4. Elements/Isotopes Were Linked Xe-1 in FeS, Xe-2 in Carbon Grains Xe-1 was made in iron-rich SN interior, Xe-2 made near carbon-rich SN surface ___Xe-1 was made in iron-rich SGN spots interior, Xe-2 made near carbon-rich SGN spots surface 5. Isotope Anomalies In Planets: Xe-1 in Sun, Mars; Xe-2 in Jupiter Xe-1 was made in iron-rich SN interior, Xe-2 made near carbon-rich SN surface ___Xe-1 was made in iron-rich SGN spots interior, Xe-2 made near carbon-rich SGN spots surface 6. Severely Mass-Fractionated Isotopes in Meteorites and Planets Multi-stage mass separation in the Sun and in the parent star of the SN ___Multi-stage mass separation in the Sun and in the it’s parent star (SGN) 7. FUN (Fractionation + Nuclear) Effects Linked in Meteorites The supernova made new isotopes in material that was mass fractionated ___The SGN into spots made new isotopes by nuclear synthesis reaction into proto-planetary material that was mass fractionated 8. Mirror-Image Isotope Anomalies Unmixed products of the various nuclear reactions that collectively made “normal” isotope abundances ___Exploded SGN proto-planetary spot products by the various huge nuclear reactions, unmixed in solar parent accretion disk, made collectively “normal” isotope abundances into space-bodies later. 9. P-1 Planetary Gas Component Had Only “Normal” Xe-1, Kr-1 and Ar-1 This came from SN’s iron-rich interior that was depleted of light elements ___This came from SGN’s iron-rich spots interior that was depleted of light elements 10. P-2 Planetary Gas Component Had “Strange” Xe-2, Kr-2, Ar-2, Ne, He . This came from the outer SN layers where light elements remained. ___This came from the outer SGN spots layers where light elements remained. 11. The Solar Surface Is Made Mostly of Light Elements. Elements undergo multi-stage mass separation in the Sun. ___A lot of small parts of the main spots is spread into convection streams all over the Sun undergo multi-stage mass separation into the streams. (In the streams into separated spots masses are continuing nuclear syntheses reactions mainly by He-nucleuses, super heavy nucleuses are exploding later and light elements are spreading all over the Sun). Video evidence-explosion into convection stream of multi-stage separated mini spot. http://vestige.lmsal.com/TRACE/Public/Gall...T171_000828.avi 12. Carbonaceous Meteorites Are Also Rich in Light Elements. These came mostly from the surface of the mass-fractionated parent star. ___These are part of exploded space-bodies. They were formed mostly from the surface of the mass-fractionated exploded SGN spots. 13. Why Does O/C ≈ 2 at the Surface of the Sun and Similar Stars? Multi-stage mass separation decreases O/C ≈ 10 to O/C ≈ 2 at solar surface. ___Multi-stage mass separation of spots masses, nuclear syntheses and nuclear reactions into the convection streams are decreasing O/C ≈ 10 to O/C ≈ 2 at solar surface. 14. What Are the Most Abundant Elements in the Solar System? Iron, oxygen, nickel, silicon, sulfur, magnesium and calcium ____Iron, oxygen, nickel, silicon, sulfur, magnesium calcium and lead too. (Lead is into the metallic nucleus of planets as the main product of radioactive demolition). 15. What Causes the Solar Neutrino Deficit? The number of neutrinos produced is the number detected. There is no deficit 16. What Is The Source of Solar Luminosity? Neutron emission and decay generate >62%; H-fusion generates <38% ___Neutron emission and decay generate >62%; H-fusion generates <38%; (Nuclear reactions of separated spots masses are into convection streams). 17. What Is the Source of Hydrogen in the Solar and Stellar Winds? Neutron-decay and upward acceleration of H+ ions are by solar magnetic field. ___P.S. Formation of new erupted stars from our SGN is discovered, there is no suspect. (The ten Hypervelocity stars are discovered to the nucleus, embryonic stars formed by parent star in the centre of the spiral galaxy. Our galaxy has parent star there, parent of all stars in the galaxy. Of course nearest stars to the nucleus are hypervelocity). Source of strange isotope abundances in the Solar wind are nuclear reactions into a lot of multi-stage mass separation mini-spots masses in the convection streams and huge nuclear reactions into main spots masses too. The solar surface is made mostly of light elements is evidence of huge nuclear syntheses reaction into main spots and separated mini-spots masses. Nuclear syntheses reactions into separated mini-spots masses are continuing into convection streams. Synthesis reactions of nucleuses are creating super-heavy nucleuses. They are exploding and Light Elements are left. He-nucleus is important in the nuclear syntheses reactions. He-nucleuses are main product of radioactive demolition too. The double destructive and creative feature of He-nucleuses must be easily understandable. Fe-nucleuses are important in the magnetic field of convection streams. Detail explanations of many topics are in the theory. http://www.cosmogeology.ge Truth easy to explain…

hello Dr. Spitzer The "jet" is remnant of collapsed star. Embryonic Stars are to the galaxy active nucleus. When remnant of died star reach another star's planetary system, star is beginning capture the huge space clouds. There are almost all chemical elements (Light, heavy, super-heavy). This is reason of star activation. It is alike new Embryonic Stars. Dec. 1. 2007 is nearest date of activation L1157. Please send my explanation for Astrophysical Journal. Thanks, Margiani. Georgia Ñìîòðèòå êàê ÿ ñîñó è ó÷èòåñü,âû òàê íå óìååòå! http://sosalchik.info/photos?my=otsos