A while back, bascule recommended to me On Intelligence by Jeff Hawkins. I finally started reading it two days ago and it was great. I would have been done sooner were it not for work
Anyway, it gives a pretty detailed view of the neocortex and how it works hierarchically to produce/use invariant auto-associative memories. In doing so, he also tears down the skyhook that many people have that intelligence is some sort of magical thing and replaces it with biology.
He argues against artificial intelligence and insists that we should instead create machines with real intelligence using the neocortex as a guide.
Overall, I think it's a pretty good book; It's also a really fast read.
Also, of interest to the more sciency people here, the book includes an appendix of testable predictions.