frosch45

No matter if you decrease the pressure in the system even a little bit, it will depress the boiling point of the substance to be distilled. It will decrease the vapor pressure above the liquid, so even a small change in vapor pressure (small being at least 5 kPa) will help it to boil easier you can make your own vaccum pumps below using just sheer force of you pulling something away from a container. ex .........A..........C .........|..........| _______________________ |..................................| |..................................| |..............B..................| |..................................| |..................................| |..................................| |_____________________| ignore the periods A is a syringe with a ball check valve on it to let only air out of the device C is an outlet tube that is connected to your set-up and B is a rigid container you can just keep filling up your syringe, and actually I made one once that got down to pretty low (as evidenced by the pain which I felt on my fingertip that I was using to plug the outlet tube.... not smart, but I didn't have any pressure gague at the time....stupid, I know, but all's ok that ends pretty good...) Your best bet is still a refrigerator compressor I would think, although you can buy vacuum pumps online Just remember, you have to keep your distillate cold enough so that you don't have nitric acid gas going through your pump.... this is NOT good. Have a great condenser, and a freezing ice bath underneath you collecting flask, and of course, use standard glass tapered joints

I am aware that Calcium Hypochlorite is not the same as Calcium Chloride. As per the instructions listed above, the caclium hypochlorite is thermally decomposed into CaCl and some other products. Actually, when I was doing this step, I did not recognize how vigerous the reaction would be. I was doing this outside, otherwise I would probably be dead right now, because a column of yellow gas ferociously escaped from the beaker, and yes, it was so dense that I could see it (faintly, but still, to see even faint chlorine, especially outside, is scary. Anyway, I just bought some from my supplier, so now I have 500g pure CaCl. I don't know if I will have time to try this tonight, but if I get the chance.... That is also what I was thinking could happen, but i'm 99.999999% sure that this thing doesn't form aqueous calcium hydride. Wierd. anyway, i will try this later

I want to clarify quickly in the first reference that I am not using sodium at all in this instance and you need to look at the bottom half of 3.2 in http://www.wfvisser.dds.nl/EN/chlora...l#therm_method Look at the part after using "Calcium Hypochlorite" actually, I will just quote it from this first reference In a separate container, dissolve 68 grams of potassium chloride in the smallest volume of water possible (approximately 195 ml). This can be done by dissolving the potassium chloride in about 200 ml of water, and allowing it to cool. If crystals form, add some more water, boil again to dissolve the potassium chloride, and allow to cool again. If crystals form, repeat. If not, the solution is ready to use. 7. Mix this solution with the boiled calcium hypochlorite solution (this means the calcium chloride). A white precipitate of potassium chlorate should form. 8. Bring the solution to a boil and add water untill all potassium chlorate has dissolved. 9. Allow the solution to cool slowly. Crystals of potassium chlorate will form. Cool to 0 deg C. 10. Filter to obtain the raw potassium chlorate. Rinse the crystals in the filter with ice- cold water. The product can be further purified as described below.

Here let me first give references http://www.vk2zay.net/article.php/71 http://www.wfvisser.dds.nl/EN/chlorate_EN.html#therm_method <---THIS ONE IS SECTION 3.2 and also that reaction is carried out in water, thus the source of oxygen but that still doesn't help I've resolved to try this and post my results but i would still like to have more feed back

Well, since there really hasn't been too many interesting new threads in this section, and since this is driving me insane that I can't figure this out, I'll just ask everyone here [ce]CaCl2(aq) + H2O + KCl --> KClO3 +??[/ce] The chlorate precipitates at cold temps, I know that, but I can't stoichiometrically balance it! AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA! Also, while I have this thread open, I was reading online somewhere (and it may have been a totally unreliable sorce) that when you have a salt dissolved in water, you can add ethyl alcohol conc. to it and it will help the salt precipitate? And no, I do not plan on making a bomb or anything like that. This is purely educational. Besides, potassium chlorate is quite elementary compared to many other oxidizers, i.e. perchlorates and complex nitrates, peroxides of certain chems, etc.... I'm not stupid enough to make any of this stuff. I JUST CAN'T FIGURE THIS STUPID THING OUT!!!! Any help appreciated .

I was just saying that United Nuclear doesn't supply to the UK.... I know that there are other sources, its just that that one is quite convinent

Especially if you don't have a liscence, those chemicals, especially the nitric, will be very, very expensive. There is a search engine here too.... This oversteps it a little bit, don't you think. Its like directly asking, "Where can I get very dangerous and corrosive substances that will endanger the public health and give me the capability of making a bomb.... Based on some of your previous posts, it looks like you don't have much experence with these chems. And if you do something really messy and dangerous that just happens to burn a hole in your leg or arm or chest, the cops will certainly be notified and it will be a big news story where the chemical restrictions will be tightened not only in your state, but all over the US! You could at least be descrete about it. Moderators, what do you think.... Section 2.3.b ? Chemical warning issuance?

Hey really quick, and sorry to you UK guys, but lets not forget about United Nuclear. They sell highly radioactive substances all over the US; they even do contracts for the US government, a really cool company if you poke around their site. http://www.unitednuclear.com/uranium.htm http://www.unitednuclear.com/isotopes.htm and if you will just go to their main page, you can see that they have a variety of neuclear kits available for purchase as well.

Sounds really easy.

Well, in a very general way, everything around you is a chemical. From the glass on your computer screen to the wood in your wall to the plastics in your printer, they are all chemicals. A chemical is basically a substance. It is matter, it has a definate mass, and it either is or is made up of elements, everything from carbon to oxygen to nitrogen to chlorine. Why do you say that ionic substances aren't chemicals? They are made up of elements just like covalent substances, the only difference is that the electronegativities are more extreme in ionic substances, whereas in covalent substances, the electronegativities of the atoms are closer together so they share their electrons. Sodium chloride is definately a chemical, a chemical doesn't have to have covalent bonds at all.

Does this have anything to do with my avatar? I might discourage you a little there, as the other chems required are also extremely dangerous.... I just got some carbon disulfide from my school, my teacher let me have about 5 mL of it, suprisingly, they had some in the stock room that they wanted to get rid of.

liquid helium is a lot colder than liquid nitrogen

You know, that's what I origionally thought..... I just couldn't find any support for it online

aus in german means "out of" or "from" Either that or aus is referring to australia

One of my chemistry books referred to john dalton being an alchemist, but I can't seem to find any supporting evidence online

Iron sulfide, tough to clean http://www.freepatentsonline.com/6887840.html But if this is a homework question, you could heat it to its melting point and pour it out and if you're up for a bit of lite reading... http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wo.jsp?wo=2007038403&IA=WO2007038403&DISPLAY=DESC I remember we did this expiriment in my introductory year of chemistry and my teacher said that there was nothing we could do to clean it, but that might have just been because she was a bitter hateful mean stupid dumb teacher that would never do anything interesting for us..... </evil past thoughts>

i'm sure you could, but if you're just a home enthusiast, be careful by the way, as a general rule, this sort of question isn't usually answered not because we don't want to help, but because no one on sfn actually knows....

You can get lead pretty easily, just go to a fishing supply shop and look at their luer sinkers--just make sure you don't get bismuth (its much more shiny--resist the temptation!!!) the hard part, well, not hard, but reasonably difficult, would be oxidizing it

Well, I was just going to suggest something like [ce] HCl + NaHCO3 --> NaCl + H2O + CO2 [/ce] and that will probably yield a more pure product.... but it looks like you're looking for the expierence Good luck, just do it outside when theres a light breeze in case something goes wrong, but there are many more dangerous things that you could be trying.

Do you have access to sodium and chlorine? Not to be rude or anything, but I think that this is just a homework question, correct? Were you planning on trying it? There are many easier ways to make sodium chloride.

search "radioactive boyscout" in google

or at the hvchemical NITRIC ACID 70%/GLASS 2.5 LT REA/ACS 515712-2.5 $46.88 + $25 HAZMAT fee...

you can also buy it.... http://www.trinitylabsupply.com/chemicals.htm or store.hvchemical.com

wooooh there, I hope you know what you are deviling into.... It all depends on how you were planning on making it and requires extremely high temperatures. Here is a successful instance of a person who actually did manage to make it at home, I think that you could probably get your info from there http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=10564&page=1#pid127650 As per the glassware, there are a few places to get it. ebay.com labx.com sciplus.com store.hvchemical.com http://www.agile-fx.com/servlet/StoreFront Document your process and take pictures, I know that I at least would be interested if you managed to do this.