PositronElectron

Assuming that leaning toward a preference for moral actions is the basis of human nature, thus the occurence of mental maturity and development of self-image is present, what are the factors which slow down this process? If demoralization exists, then the other branch would be following moral principles contributing to the ideal behavior in a community. If humans would follow fundamental moral principles, then we would reach an ideal society, developing as individuals to our full mental and physical capacities. Since both moral values and lack of them stems from within our perception and logical reasoning, then demoralization of a whole community takes root from the same source. If so, then how can humans correctly distinguish between moral values and demoralizing behavior?

Banks, The link on electron hybridization should have been this one, I am new to this site and a some problem occurred whilst I tried to post that link. The video not only showcases how electrons reside on different orbitals depending on the number of electrons on a certain electron shell, but also how bonds are formed with other atoms and thus showcasing the relations of different electrons in a molecular compound. As I have stated in my previous post, reactivity (in a nutshell) depends on the radius of the atom. Logically, when the radius of the atom is bigger, it means that the charge of the nucleus is smaller, thus the electrons of the outer electron shell are held in the atom by a weaker force, hence the atom will be more prone to give away electrons than receive them. Reactivity is the ability of the atom to give away electrons to an oxidant in a reaction. Determining the relative relationship of atomic radiuses Chemical elements that carry a smaller charge have a bigger radius than those who have a greater charge. E.g alkaline metals are even more reactive than alkaline earth metals since their charge is smaller than that of alkaline earth metals. Thus they give away the electrons of their outer electron shell. This is what determines which chemical element is more reactive than the other (in an introductory course for anorganic chemistry). Charge of the nucleus The charge of the nucleus increases from left to right in the periodic table. Thus non-metals are (mostly) oxidants since they receive electrons, they carry a bigger charge hence have the ability to "grab" free electrons.

Hi Banks, I suggest you watching this video on electron orbitals (electron hybridization) to get a better understanding of energy levels in the atom. Electron configuration depends on the number of orbitals, determining the number of so-called electron shells. The number of electron shells is determined by the given period number. Valence only shows how many electrons are on the outer shell, or more precisely, on the outer orbital of the atom, determining how many electrons the atom can give over to an oxidant in a chemical reaction. As another member has already mentioned, chemical elements are categorized into blocks, based on the shape of their outer orbital, namely there are s, p, d and f elements. Orbital shapes are as follows: s, p, d, and f. Now imagine a x, y and z coordinates as in a 3-dimensional space. Each orbital carries sub-orbitals; the s- orbital is alone, there are 3 p-orbitals respectively residing on the x, y, and z coordinates; there are 5 d-orbitals... and so on (Do watch the video for a graphic representation). The number before the symbol for the corresponding orbital shape, say, 1s, determines the number of the electron shell, in this instance it is 1. (will provide with an example below). For example, on the 1st electron shell, the maximum allowed number of electrons is 2, and the first electron shell consists of only one orbital - a spherical s orbital, which itself can accumulate only 2 electrons (note that the two electrons form A PAIR, and a pair is formed with TWO electrons of opposite direction! if the number of electrons doesn't divide evenly by the number of sub-orbitals in an orbital, then the uneven electrons have higher energy and are alone one one orbital. They have higher energy because a stabile state would be that of 2 maximum electrons on a sub-orbital); On the 2nd electron shell, the maximum allowed number of electrons is 8, however, the number of orbitals (!) (or the shape of electron movement), will be different. With each electron shell, the number of orbitals increases by 2. Each orbital has their own level of energy (which is responsible for formation of the orbitals). Energy increases in the following order, which is also the order of electronic fulfillment (which orbital 'carries' the next electrons): 1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s < 4d < 5p... Now, with each electron shell, a new orbital adds up. With the first electron shell, there is just only one, s-orbital; with the second electron shell, there's already an s and a p orbital. Let us take Barium for an example. Barium is an s-element, because the last of his orbitals is the s-orbital of the 6th electron shell. Barium's atomic charge is +56, so the number of electrons is also 56 which makes the atom neutral. Barium's electron position per energy levels is 2) 8) 18) 18) 8) 2) - with 2 electrons on the first electron shell, 8 on the 2nd, etc... Electron configuration for barium: 1s22s2p63s2p6d104s2p6d105s2p66s2 (the last orbital shows that barium is an s-element) I will return tomorrow to explain this further if needed. Element's reactivity depends on the activity of the element. An element is more active than another element if its atomic radius (distance from the atomic nucleus to the last electron orbital) is bigger than the other element's. Why does it show that the element is more active? Because the bigger the radius, the less energy the last orbital will carry, and so it will be easier for the atom to give over electrons than receive because the electromagnetic force is weaker.

Hello everyone! My name is Elina and I am a student of an intensified Exact Sciences school. We study by university material for Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics. I have chosen Neuroscience as my speciality, I am also greatly interested in Particle Physics. Wrote about this in my "about me" page. I found this an interesting forum and will contribute in the near future.