jdurg

Yes, but that is only after the formation of the hydroxide. Therefore, that would be a reaction between the alkaline earth hydroxide and the copper sulfate. Magnesium metal will not react with water unless it's in the form of steam. If you put a piece of aluminum into a beaker of CuSO4, a piece of magnesium into a beaker of CuSO4, a piece of calcium into a beaker of CuSO4, a piece of sodium into a baker of CuSO4, and a piece of potassium into a beaker of CuSO4, the reaction of the aluminum and the magnesium would be nearly identical. The reactions involving Ca, Na, and K would be quite a bit different (And a little bit more violent).

If the question was 'what forms the compound closest in manner to magnesium?' then it would be calcium. But the question states 'what reacts with copper sulfate similar to magnesium?'.

This is where I would disagree and state that the answer is aluminum. In both cases, the Mg and Aluminum would replace the copper ions in solution forming copper metal and an ionic solution of metal ions and sulfate ions. Calcium, potassium, and sodium would all react with the water in the solution instead of the ions, forming calcium/sodium/potassium hydroxides in preference to the sulfates.

http://www.unitednuclear.com

Actually, that wouldn't be sublimation then. That would be decomposition. NH4Cl sublimates. That means that it goes from a solid to a gas while bypassing the liquid phase. If it actually decomposed, then you wouldn't find a sublimation temperature in a CRC Handbook or MSDS. You'd find a decomposition temperature. What is most likely happening is that as the vaporized NH4Cl cools down, it cools down directly into a solid and therefore you see the fine particles of solid NH4Cl. I think that is what you are seeing, YT. It would look no different than if it was ammonia and hydrogen chloride combining. In either instance, you have a gas directly forming a solid.

The computational power needed to simulate a full human body is way out of reach at this moment in time. Remember, if you are looking at a drug designed to help out a liver problem, you need to also make sure that drug doesn't have any adverse effects on the nervous system, digestive system, reproductive system, cardiovascular system, etc. etc. The majority of drug testing is actually performed on human subjects. That's because, as has been stated numerous times in this thread, you can only gather so much information from animal subjects that are applicable to human subjects. The important things you can find out is whether the drugs are immediately toxic or not. If you give a drug to an animal test subject and it dies shortly after ingesting the drug, then you have a pretty good idea that it will be toxic to humans. Thankfully, the instances of that occuring is pretty slim as before a drug is even attempted to be tested on animal subjects the chemical structure of the drug is conclusively determined and it is compared to known drugs and substances. The use of computers and the knowledge about the properties of chemical substances that we have today has cut back dramatically on the 'cruelness' factor associated with drug testing.

To remember the diatomic elements, just remember HONCLBRIF. That's hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), Chlorine (Cl), Bromine (Br), Iodine (I), and Fluorine (F). All non-noble gases and halogens exist as diatomic molecules in their elemental form.

Hmmm. I don't think that's chemically possible. (As ammonium chloride is NH4Cl, and ammonia gas is NH3 while chlorine is Cl2. There would have to be some H2 evolved as well, and that would react explosively with the chlorine). So I think it would be more apt to decompose into NH3 and HCl as I am 100% positive that those two will combine to give you a nice, dense white cloud.

Some elbow grease and some fine grain sandpaper would probably be the best thing. It's a good idea to store Samarium under mineral oil as well, since although it doesn't oxidize nearly as quickly as La, Ce, Pr, Nd, and Eu do, over time it does develop a nasty layer of oxidation. It also reacts slowly with water, so you don't want to put any water on the surface of it. Therefore, the best solution is to take some fine sandpaper and polish them up a bit, or use a soft brush on a dremel tool and polish them up like that.

Hey Everyone. Here's another quick update to our list of sources for element collectors. This one is for a guy out in Austria who has some great element samples for sale at a great price. The site listed below is completey in German, but Alexander understands and converses in English without any problems. When looking at his site, you will see some items that you really can't get any place else. (Or at least I haven't seen available any place else). There is a 7-gram ampoule of what looks to be VERY pure arsenic for only 70 Euros. That's a good amount of this sample for a relatively low price. He also has amorphous red selenium which I have not seen available for sale elsewhere. Alexander also has a fluorine gas ampoule. It's an ampoule filled with a mixture of 100% anhydrous fluorine gas and helium in a 33%F2/67%He ratio. A tube I picked up shows the slightest sign of fluorine gas attack at the ends, but otherwise everything is just fine. Alexander also sells beautiful ampoules of sodium and potassium metal where the metal is as reflective as a bright new mirror. Well worth the money. The only problems I've noticed with the site is that he only accepts payment s in Euros and he does not have a PayPal account yet. So the only methods of payment are a bank wire transfer or cash. I went the bank wire transfer method, and the amount of fees charged by both banks for the international transfer was nearly as much as the cost of the items I bought. The other method is to get a bank check written out in Euros that can be cashed at an Austrian bank. So right now, the payment is a bit of a pain in the butt, but the detail and quality of the items purchased kind of evens out the hassle. So click on the link below to see what he has to offer. http://www.elemente.at.cx/

I've also seen the experiment done with 55 gallon steel drums that were filled with hot steam and then sealed off. Bags of ice were then thrown on the drums, and almost instantly they imploded due to atmospheric pressure. It was amazing to see.

Yeah, an open soda can will work, but you have to move a bit faster to prevent the hot air from leaving the can. Also, inverting the can when you dunk it is a great idea as hot air rises so having the opening on the bottom will keep the hot air in there. When I've done this in the past I've used a screw top container mostly because they were readily available. Plus, this allowed me to put the can in an empty container and just pour ice water over it and watch the can suddenly get crushed by the atmosphere.

The whole reason why I think it's scary is because the materials needed to make it are VERY readily available and it's so easy to do. There's also a lot of idiots out there who can severely hurt themselves, others, and the environment by trying to make the stuff.

Diethyl Ether isn't THAT dangerous Fortuna. You make it sound like it's nitroglycerine there. ;-) Diethyl ether generally has a shelf life of about 1 year. So you can keep it stored for about 10 months or so before you really have to worry about peroxide dangers. (Just make sure it is properly labelled and that it has a 'breathable' cap on it. This allows any formed gases to escape from the container, and prevents a high pressure of oxygen buildup which allows for peroxide formation). For disposal of it, you can generally just let an open mass of it evaporate in a fume hood, or it can be burned away.

This works even better if you use one of those metal paint thinner containers that you see at hardware stores. (Just make sure you use an empty container. A metal container with a screw on cap works best for this experiment). What you do is take the empty container and put a small bit of water in there. Take the metal container and put it on a hot plate so that you can get the water to boil and form steam. While the water is heating up, you get a big container and fill it with water and ice. Once you see steam coming out of the heating metal container, you quickly screw the cap on to lock the hot water vapor in there. Inside the metal container, you have water in there as a gas at a high temperature. At the elevated temperature, the gas in there fills up the entire volume of the container. If you then take the container and dunk it into the ice-water filled bath, the temperature of the gas inside the container immediately drops. As a result, the volume of that gas drops as well which lowers the pressure inside the container. The external atmospheric pressure is MUCH greater than the low pressure that now exists inside the container, and the container will be crushed almost instantly because of that. At higher temperature, the same amount of gas has a higher pressure than it does at a lower temperature. This experiment shows that fact.

It's really kind of frightening to know that acetone and hypochlorite can produce chloroform.

I quit for financial, medical, and just plain got sick of it reasons.

Oh I've never said that diethyl ether has a bad smell. It's a very sweet, and good tasting odor. It's just that it leaves you with a nasty headache if you've inhaled a bit too much of it. That and it's propensity to catch fire and explode if stored for too long. (I was missing eyebrows for a few months when some evaporating diethyl ether off of my jacket ignited while lighting a cigarette. Hence why it's bad to smoke. )

Yeah, diethyl ether used to be used as an anaesthtic until they realized that it was incredibly flammable and that the bottles it was stored in tended to form explosive peroxides. They had also discovered better methods to anesthetize people.

SO2 again comes from sulfur in the fuels. There are a lot of sulfur containing organic compounds in petrol and gasoline, so they wind up being included in our engine fuel and when burned they form the sulfur dioxide.

Yeah. H2SO4 is a strong acid, but HSO4- is a pretty weak acid.

The heat and pressure inside the engine cause atmospheric nitrogen to oxidize inside the engine. Also, the fuel being burned isn't pure hydrocarbon. Their are various nitrogen containing compounds in there which wind up turning into the nitrogen oxides.

I have never even seen an episode of American Idol. Frankly, the premise of the show just doesn't appeal to me so I've never wasted my time on it no matter how much it's thrown in my face.

How do you think the earth got all of it's heat? The majority of the thermal energy of this planet is caused by the radioactive decay of Uranium, Thorium, and their daughter products.