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The theory of evolution is so overwhelmingly supported by empirical scientific evidence, it is as certain as any scientific theory can be. The following gives two far more precise answer then I ever could.....https://www.quora.com/What-are-some-experiments-being-carried-out-to-test-the-theory-of-evolution A1 "Way too many to provide even a rudimentary list. Experimental evolution is a fully fledged subdiscipline, with most of it taking place in lab experiments with viruses and bacteria (out of practicality). The most well-known example is probably the Lenski Lab's long-term E. coli experiment which has been running for 24 years now and has demonstrated a whole range of evolutionary phenomena: E. coli Long-term Experimental Evolution Project SiteAs for the kind of thing you mention in your comment, that's run-of-the-mill domestication. We've been experimenting with it for thousands of years now - our entire agricultural system is testament to the theory of evolution, as is the presence of dog breeds. All were produced by crossing together the animals and plants we like the most, selecting for traits that are favourable to us. That's how you turn a mighty auroch into a pathetic cow, or a wolf into a poodle.I can't name specific experiments with dog evolution, as most of the truly experimental stuff to see how evolution works in these cases is done with model organisms (Drosophila flies)." lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll A2"The most interesting tests of evolution are in DNA. Only lately have full genome sequencing become easy.One of the most compelling signs of evolution found in DNA is the traces of endogenous retroviruses (ERV's). To put it shortly, ERV's are like fingerprints left in DNA by diseases. the fingerprints generally have no functionality, and they go into a random place in your genome and are copied on to your offspring to the same location. Thus, if someone has the same ERV marker as someone else, then it is pretty much proven that they share a common ancestor.The more genomes are sequenced it turns out that ERV insertions follow predictions made by the theory of evolution very precisely (like the one that we share numerous ERV markers with chimps). This is really hard to explain with anything else than evolution without saying "god did it to test our faith". <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Creationism of course can not be tested, and no evidence of any creationism by any magical deity exists to support that myth. In fact continued scientific experiments support the fact that all the elements that go to make up us and all other living things, were forged in the belly of stars. And of course the whole history of the universe back to the BB, can explain how stars formed, how planets came to be, and how the first fundamental particles arose out of spacetime at least as far back as 10-43 seconds post BB. At some point though we arrive at a position of where space and time came from. As yet science has no actual information on that process, other then speculative hypotheticals as to how the universe was able to arise from nothing. https://www.astrosociety.org/publication/a-universe-from-nothing/ By the same token, at this point, is really the only logical opening where perhaps an unscientific supernatural, magical hypothetical deity maybe slotted in by those more inclined with magic. The overwhelming success of science over the years though, has me leaning towards the scientific explanation similar to that given in my link. Once your first two questions are answered, successfully, it logically answers the last two.

You challenged nothing and have failed to answer your critics, instead just repeating your trashy posting style. The prime fallacy you present of course is that time needs any motion at all. It doesn't.

Would I be correct in assuming that as we approach the centre of the BH [the gravitational singularity] the entropy and temperature approach 0 degrees K? And at the centre, reaches 0 degrees K totally? OK, that clears up my own answer of which I expressed uncertainty on...thanks.

We have plenty of evidence for UFO's, many of them explained by many far more naturally occurring phenomena, but we have absolutely no evidence yet of any ETI or life off the earth. What UFO sightings that remain unexplained, are just that, UNEXPLAINED, or as the "U" in UFO stands for "UNIDENTIFIED" Yes, I certainly believe that life off the Earth exists somewhere for many reasons, the scale of the universe, the numbers of stars and planets, the stuff of life being everywhere we look, but again, as yet we have absolutely no evidence for any ETI or life of any sort off the Earth.

For all intents and purposes, the interior of a BH is simply critical spacetime curvature with a one way path to the center in a finite time, where the mass in an unknown form probably exists. GR tells us that when the Schwarzchild radius is reached, further collapse is compulsory. Virtual particle pairs would need to "pop into existence" just this side of the EH. A photon of light that is emitted directly radially away just this side of the EH, will appear to "hover" there for eternity, never quite getting away but always just escaping the BH's clutches. Assuming Hawking Radiation is valid [I have no reason to doubt that] all BH's will in the course of time evaporate, although that timeline will be the ultimate timeline of the universe and its probable long cold death freeze scenario. OK, I'm now entering less then certain grounds as far as my limited knowledge and answers goes, but I believe from our FoR, we observe the EH as the source of the escaping virtual particle that has now become real, and as X-rays. If both virtual pairs fall in then the BH's mass is increased with no sign from our FoR of Hawking Radiation. Yes, the mass would be in an unknown state at or below the quantum/Planck level where GR and the laws of physics fail us. Obviously not with any 100% certainty, but we can "visualise" probable events, based on the predictions of GR, and one of the prime predictions of course is that when the Schwarzchild radius is reached, further collapse is compulsory. OK, upon re-reading my post, I aint happy with my answer thus...."If both virtual pairs fall in then the BH's mass is increased with no sign from our FoR of Hawking Radiation". The following may help with regards to BH temperatures and Hawking Radiation.... https://phys.org/news/2016-09-cold-black-holes.html extract: "The temperature of black holes is connected to this whole concept of Hawking Radiation. The idea that over vast periods of time, black holes will generate virtual particles right at the edge of their event horizons. The most common kind of particles are photons, aka light, aka heat. Normally these virtual particles are able to recombine and disappear in a puff of annihilation as quickly as they appear. But when a pair of these virtual particles appear right at the event horizon, one half of the pair drops into the black hole, while the other is free to escape into the Universe. From your perspective as an outside observer, you see these particles escaping from the black hole. You see photons, and therefore, you can measure the temperature of the black hole. The temperature of the black hole is inversely proportional to the mass of the black hole and the size of the event horizon. Think of it this way. Imagine the curved surface of a black hole's event horizon. There are many paths that a photon could try to take to get away from the event horizon, and the vast majority of those are paths that take it back down into the black hole's gravity well. But for a few rare paths, when the photon is traveling perfectly perpendicular to the event horizon, then the photon has a chance to escape. The larger the event horizon, the less paths there are that a photon could take. Since energy is being released into the Universe at the black hole's event horizon, but energy can neither be created or destroyed, the black hole itself provides the mass that supplies the energy to release these photons." Read more at: https://phys.org/news/2016-09-cold-black-holes.html#jCp

The pop science terminology "time flows" simply describes the "distance" if you like between two specific events. It is not wrong per se but describes in layman's terms, a notoriously difficult concept to describe, even for professionals. Time like space, exists...it stops everything from happening together. Something does not need to be physical to be real. It just needs to be "effective" on our perception of events and observations. eg: Is a magnetic field real? The question that needs to be asked is, "is time fundamental?" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FVINOl0Ctfk Now those answers may not satisfy you, but they are the best science has at this time. Or you can go with my previous definition......Time exists, It is the fourth dimension along with space and its three dimensions. Time imho is not movement as such, but more correctly, movement occurs in time and enables us to measure via clocks, the duration between specific events. If all atomic movement ceased, if the universe stopped expanding, time would continue to pass/flow in a forward direction. If the universe started contracting, time flow would not reverse, but continue on in that direction which the late Stephen Hawking called the cosmological arrow of time

I was just about to answer and say yes to that, then I read MigL's well thought out answer which I see as essentially correct. But let me add that in the event Hawking radiation was invalid [I don't believe it is invalid] then essentially any BH not feeding is nothing more then critically curved spacetime, with a mass at its core in some unknown form. Most cosmologists now don't accept the existence of any singularity with infinite spacetime curvature and density, just a region where our known laws of physics and GR are not evident.

I like that.

Time exists, It is the fourth dimension along with space and its three dimensions. Time imho is not movement as such, but more correctly, movement occurs in time and enables us to measure via clocks, the duration between specific events. If all atomic movement ceased, if the universe stopped expanding, time would continue to pass/flow in a forward direction. If the universe started contracting, time flow would not reverse, but continue on in that direction which the late Stephen Hawking called the cosmological arrow of time.

https://phys.org/news/2019-01-galaxies-physics-cosmic-expansion.html Active galaxies point to new physics of cosmic expansion: January 29, 2019, European Space Agency: Investigating the history of our cosmos with a large sample of distant 'active' galaxies observed by ESA's XMM-Newton, a team of astronomers found there might be more to the early expansion of the universe than predicted by the standard model of cosmology. According to the leading scenario, our universe contains only a few percent of ordinary matter. One quarter of the cosmos is made of the elusive dark matter, which we can feel gravitationally but not observe, and the rest consists of the even more mysterious dark energy that is driving the current acceleration of the universe's expansion. This model is based on a multitude of data collected over the last couple of decades, from the cosmic microwave background, or CMB – the first light in the history of the cosmos, released only 380,000 years after the big bang and observed in unprecedented detail by ESA's Planck mission – to more 'local' observations. The latter include supernova explosions, galaxy clusters and the gravitational distortion imprinted by dark matter on distant galaxies, and can be used to trace cosmic expansion in recent epochs of cosmic history – across the past nine billion years. Read more at: https://phys.org/news/2019-01-galaxies-physics-cosmic-expansion.html#jCp the paper: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-018-0657-z Cosmological constraints from the Hubble diagram of quasars at high redshifts: Abstract: The concordance model (Λ cold dark matter (ΛCDM) model, where Λ is the cosmological constant) reproduces the main current cosmological observations1,2,3,4 assuming the validity of general relativity at all scales and epochs and the presence of CDM and of Λ, equivalent to dark energy with a constant density in space and time. However, the ΛCDM model is poorly tested in the redshift interval between the farthest observed type Ia supernovae5 and the cosmic microwave background. We present measurements of the expansion rate of the Universe based on a Hubble diagram of quasars. Quasars are the most luminous persistent sources in the Universe, observed up to redshifts of z ≈ 7.5 (refs. 6,7). We estimate their distances following a method developed by our group8,9,10, based on the X-ray and ultraviolet emission of the quasars. The distance modulus/redshift relation of quasars at z < 1.4 is in agreement with that of supernovae and with the concordance model. However, a deviation from the ΛCDM model emerges at higher redshift, with a statistical significance of ~4σ. If an evolution of the dark energy equation of state is allowed, the data suggest dark energy density increasing with time.

As a species and obviously as an International effort, just to clarify that.

Off world colonization/exploration as a species. We would be going a lot further and a lot faster I would suggest.

All lives matter from the point of view, or our own frame of reference, but taken in context of the frame of reference of the universe, we are an insignificant pixel of light. I believe this is adequately illustrated by the following..... http://www.planetary.org/explore/space-topics/earth/pale-blue-dot.html Look again at that dot. That's here. That's home. That's us. On it everyone you love, everyone you know, everyone you ever heard of, every human being who ever was, lived out their lives. The aggregate of our joy and suffering, thousands of confident religions, ideologies, and economic doctrines, every hunter and forager, every hero and coward, every creator and destroyer of civilization, every king and peasant, every young couple in love, every mother and father, hopeful child, inventor and explorer, every teacher of morals, every corrupt politician, every "superstar," every "supreme leader," every saint and sinner in the history of our species lived there--on a mote of dust suspended in a sunbeam. The Earth is a very small stage in a vast cosmic arena. Think of the rivers of blood spilled by all those generals and emperors so that, in glory and triumph, they could become the momentary masters of a fraction of a dot. Think of the endless cruelties visited by the inhabitants of one corner of this pixel on the scarcely distinguishable inhabitants of some other corner, how frequent their misunderstandings, how eager they are to kill one another, how fervent their hatreds. Our posturings, our imagined self-importance, the delusion that we have some privileged position in the Universe, are challenged by this point of pale light. Our planet is a lonely speck in the great enveloping cosmic dark. In our obscurity, in all this vastness, there is no hint that help will come from elsewhere to save us from ourselves. The Earth is the only world known so far to harbor life. There is nowhere else, at least in the near future, to which our species could migrate. Visit, yes. Settle, not yet. Like it or not, for the moment the Earth is where we make our stand. It has been said that astronomy is a humbling and character-building experience. There is perhaps no better demonstration of the folly of human conceits than this distant image of our tiny world. To me, it underscores our responsibility to deal more kindly with one another, and to preserve and cherish the pale blue dot, the only home we've ever known. -- Carl Sagan, Pale Blue Dot, 1994

I remember Matthew Flinders primarily for his exploratory exploits along with George Bass. A lesser know fact is that the first Australian to circumnavigate Australia was an Indigenous person named Bungaree, despite the fact that we see no statues or commemorative plaques celebrating that fact. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bungaree "Bungaree, or Boongaree, (1775 – 24 November 1830) was an Aboriginal Australianfrom the Kuringgai people of the Broken Bay area north of Sydney, who was known as an explorer, entertainer, and Aboriginal community leader.[1][2] He is also significant in that he was the first person to be recorded in print as an Australian,[3] and thus the first Australian to circumnavigate the continent. Having moved to the growing settlement of Sydney in the 1790s, Bungaree established himself as a well-known identity, as one able to move between his own people and the newcomers.[4]. He joined the crew of the HMS Reliance on a trip to Norfolk Island[5] in 1798, during which he impressed the then midshipman Matthew Flinders. In 1798 he accompanied Flinders on the sloop Norfolk on a coastal survey as an interpreter, guide and negotiator with local indigenous groups.[6] He was recruited by Flinders on his circumnavigation of Australia between 1801 and 1803 in the Investigator.[7][5] Flinders was the cartographer of the first complete map of Australia, filling in the gaps from previous cartographic expeditions, and was the most prominent advocate for naming the continent "Australia". Flinders noted that Bungaree was "a worthy and brave fellow" who, on multiple occasions, saved the expedition.[8] Bungaree was the only indigenous Australian on the ship - and as such, played a vital diplomatic role as they made their way around the coast, overcoming not inconsiderable language barriers in places. According to historian Keith Vincent, Bungaree chose the role as a go-between, and was often able to mollify indigenous people who were about to attack the sailors, by taking off his clothes and speaking to people, despite being in territory unknown to himself. Flinders later wrote in his memoirs of Bungaree's "good disposition and open and manly conduct" and his kindness to the ship's cat, Trim.[5]"

https://phys.org/news/2019-01-landscape-unseen-years.html Glacial retreat in the Canadian Arctic has uncovered landscapes that haven't been ice-free in more than 40,000 years and the region may be experiencing its warmest century in 115,000 years, new University of Colorado Boulder research finds. The study, published today in the journal Nature Communications, uses radiocarbon dating to determine the ages of plants collected at the edges of 30 ice caps on Baffin Island, west of Greenland. The island has experienced significant summertime warming in recent decades. "The Arctic is currently warming two to three times faster than the rest of the globe, so naturally, glaciers and ice caps are going to react faster," said Simon Pendleton, lead author and a doctoral researcher in CU Boulder's Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR). Read more at: https://phys.org/news/2019-01-landscape-unseen-years.html#jCp :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: the paper: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-08307-w Rapidly receding Arctic Canada glaciers revealing landscapes continuously ice-covered for more than 40,000 years: Abstract Arctic temperatures are increasing faster than the Northern Hemisphere average due to strong positive feedbacks unique to polar regions. However, the degree to which recent Arctic warming is unprecedented remains debated. Ages of entombed plants in growth position preserved by now receding ice caps in Arctic Canada help to address this issue by placing recent conditions in a multi-millennial context. Here we show that pre-Holocene radiocarbon dates on plants collected at the margins of 30 ice caps in Arctic Canada suggest those locations were continuously ice covered for > 40 kyr, but are now ice-free. We use in situ 14C inventories in rocks from nine locations to explore the possibility of brief exposure during the warm early Holocene. Modeling the evolution of in situ 14C confirms that Holocene exposure is unlikely at all but one of the sites. Viewed in the context of temperature records from Greenland ice cores, our results suggest that summer warmth of the past century exceeds now any century in ~115,000 years. <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> https://phys.org/news/2019-01-faster-co2.html Faster CO2 rise expected in 2019 January 25, 2019, University of Exeter Figure 1: Forecast CO₂ concentrations at Mauna Loa over 2019 (orange), along with previous forecast concentrations for 2016 (blue), 2017 (green), 2018 (pink) and Scripps Institute measurements (black). Credit: University of Exeter With emissions already at a record high, the build-up of carbon-dioxide in the atmosphere could be larger than last year due to a slower removal by natural carbon sinks. Read more at: https://phys.org/news/2019-01-faster-co2.html#jCp

This sin't about global warming, and while the hypotheticals about "ÄI" maybe nonsense, global warming is overwhelmingly supported by the evidence.

I'm just as sexy for an old fart..... Ahh, yes the Crystals.......

So many other aspects of the universe depend on "ç" being constant, that we can be pretty certain that it is what it is. That doesn't mean though that scientists have not considered the point you raise.... https://www.livescience.com/29111-speed-of-light-not-constant.html extract: "The first, by lead author Marcel Urban of the Université du Paris-Sud, looks at the cosmic vacuum, which is often assumed to be empty space. The laws of quantum physics, which govern subatomic particles and all things very small, say that the vacuum of space is actually full of fundamental particles like quarks, called "virtual" particles. These matter particles, which are always paired up with their appropriate antiparticle counterpart, pop into existence and almost immediately collide. When matter and antimatter particlestouch, they annihilate each other. "Photons of light, as they fly through space, are captured and re-emitted by these virtual particles. Urban and his colleagues propose that the energies of these particles — specifically the amount of charge they carry — affect the speed of light. Since the amount of energy a particle will have at the time a photon hits it will be essentially random, the effect on how fast photons move should vary too. As such, the amount of time the light takes to cross a given distance should vary as the square root of that distance, though the effect would be very tiny — on the order of 0.05 femtoseconds for every square meter of vacuum. A femtosecond is a millionth of a billionth of a second. (The speed of light has been measured over the last century to high precision, on the order of parts per billion, so it is pretty clear that the effect has to be small.)"

Interesting concept and something I have just read about.....https://phys.org/news/2019-01-advanced-artificial-intelligence.html "To protect us from the risks of advanced artificial intelligence, we need to act now" and another side of the hypothesis.... https://phys.org/news/2015-03-artificial-intelligence-apt.html "Artificial intelligence systems more apt to fail than to destroy"

Thanks, just read that article at https://phys.org/news/2019-01-moon-recovered-astronauts-earth.html And the associated paper..... https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X19300202?via%3Dihub

We have found life already in many inhospitable places on Earth, where it would be normally thought to be impossible.....deep sea vents, hot springs, etc. Also the early atmosphere of Earth would have probably contained much less O2 and plenty of CO2, Ammonia, and such, due to the number of Volcanoes etc.

You're forgiven! I've just had a great day, with friends and family and was somewhat elated after a few VBs. As well as finally having some success in the cricket!!!! When I posted this, it was simply to bring it to the notice of our members, and promoting the extended meaning of Australia Day, certainly no disrespect to the only real true blue Aussies. I agree with all you have said, and I'm pretty certain Shorten when he is elected, will also make notable inroads into conciliation process.

I'm well aware of the controversy that Australia Day is to many indigenous people, and I have no objection to it being changed to a more appropriate date if that is what people want. I also live in Sydney, at Maroubra, only a couple of kilometers from La-Perouse, a suburb with a large indigenous population, and count many indigenous people as friends. Yes, the first Settlers did rape, pillage and Murder the local people, just as they did elsewhere, and that is something we should be sorry about...In fact one of our Labor Prime Ministers, did apologise in the Parliament a few years ago, at least with regards to the "Stolen Generation". As a 100% Labor man through and through, I supported that totally. Still Australia Day, whether on the 26th or not, is well worth celebrating, as in essence, it celebrates more then what some claim as "Invasion Day", it celebrates what being an Aussie truly is, and irrespective of politics, It's the aspect I'm proud of. I have also had the great honour of meeting imo, our greatest ever Prime Minister, one who also did much to unite indigenous Australia and the rest of us Imported variety Gough Whitlam along with Jim Cairns. And also the following Prime Minister....

Happy Australia Day to all the Aussies out there!!! https://www.australiaday.org.au/about-australia-day/history/ Before 1770 Aboriginal peoples had been living for more than 60 000 yearson the continent we now know as Australia. At least 1600 generations of these peoples had lived and died here. Europeans from the thirteenth century became interested in details from Asia about this land to the south. From the sixteenth century European cartographers and navigators gave the continent various names, including Terra Australis (Southern Land) and New Holland. 1770 Captain James Cook raised the Union Jack on what is now called Possession Island on 22 August to claim the eastern half of the continent as New South Wales for Great Britain. 1788 Captain Arthur Phillip, commander of the First Fleet of eleven convict ships from Great Britain, and the first Governor of New South Wales, arrived at Sydney Cove on 26 January and raised the Union Jack to signal the beginning of the colony. The 1800s 1804 Early almanacs and calendars and the Sydney Gazette began referring to 26 January as First Landing Day or Foundation Day. In Sydney, celebratory drinking, and later anniversary dinners became customary, especially among emancipists. 1818 Governor Macquarie acknowledged the day officially as a public holiday on the thirtieth anniversary. The previous year he accepted the recommendation of Captain Matthew Flinders, circumnavigator of the continent, that it be called Australia. The 1900s 1901 The Australian colonies federated to form the Commonwealth of Australia. The Union Jack continued as the national flag, taking precedence over the Australian red and blue shipping ensigns gazetted in 1903. Melbourne was the interim federal capital. The Australian Capital Territory was created out of New South Wales in 1908, the federal capital named Canberra in 1913, and the Parliament House opened there in 1927. Australia Day is an established and significant day in the national calendar with 4 in 5 Australians seeing it as ‘more than a day off’ and over 16,000 people choosing it to become new citizens each year. <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> BBQ already alight at my place, with a leg of lamb, sausages and prawns ready to be toasted! Along with some VB ready to be scoffed and soft drink for the kids and wine for the Mrs!

The speed of light is a universal speed limit which anything with mass can never achieve or exceed, for the reasons already stated. But perhaps one day a sufficiently advanced civilisation may be able to create "warp bubbles" around space ships and thereby have that "massless detached space bubble" move through space FTL. This along with wormholes and time travel at least to the future, are hypothetical possibilities allowed for by GR. The following link explains.... https://plus.maths.org/content/time-travel-allowed extract: "We physicists have been working hard since the late 1980s to understand whether the laws of physics allow backward time travel. We do not have a definitive answer yet, but the likely answer has been summarised by Stephen Hawking, in his Chronology Protection Conjecture (see [1]): The laws of physics always conspire to prevent anything from travelling backward in time, thereby keeping the Universe safe for historians". NB: Time dilation has been 100% validated many times, along with relativistic mass increases.