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Ahh, OK. My sincere apologies to my professor friend!

In my opinion, it can be summed up with simply "'Time and distance" They are the two barriers making any inter-planetary/galactic encounters difficult.

And what pray tell, do you find impolite about what I wrote? I even took a leaf out of your book and said "excuse me" You were wrong, that's it, pure and simple. I was trying to help by informing you of that. But hey, if you could lower yourself by taking some advice from a lowly retired maintenance Fitter/machinist/welder, it would be "don't post in such a haughty lofty manner...particularly when it is obvious we have people here, who are a few pay grades above yourself. And since I'm giving advice, I would also add that if you believe SR/GR is wrong, [or any other accepted science] then please construct a scientific paper on that subject for peer review, listing of course all the evidence that you do have invalidating any incumbant theory. It will of course like any hypothetical, need to "run the gauntlet"so to speak, just as the incumbant theories you are attempting to displace did. You have a good day Professor.

Just heard the news that Michael Collins from Apollo 11 has died. He was 90 years old and will be remebered as being the "lonliest man in the world" orbiting the Moon while his two companions, the late Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin descended to the surface. Condolences to his family and friends.

Excuse me, the original author certainly meant that, which would be obvious in examining other comments of mine regarding this subject. And your following statement is also wrong...space and time evolved at t+10-43 seconds...without one, there is not the other Indeed it is correct that Space and time are both variable quantities and two opposite sides of the same coin, so to speak...without space, there is no time, without time, there is no space." Please dont ask me to refute your general take on science at this time...I'm typing with one eye, having just yesterday had a catarct surgery on my right eye and it is still covered until later today, after examination by the surgeon.

First I have heard of Sabine...I love the rather "thick" pronunciation of Einstein. Interesting video.

And something to sleep on...😜 One of Andre Rieu's beautiful Sopranos........ And heaven is certainly missing an Angel...a Greek Angel!

Good question...not knowing the actual answer I did some googling.... https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/article/space-bacteria-survival-years-astrobiology#:~:text=Clumps of bacteria survived for,trip between Earth and Mars. "Clumps of bacteria survived for three years on the outer surface of the International Space Station, pictured here. They were shielded from the hazards of space by only themselves. New research suggests such clumps might be able to survive a trip between Earth and Mars". and this..... https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/scientists-discover-exposed-bacteria-can-survive-space-years-180975660/ and some interested information..... https://www.theguardian.com/science/2021/mar/18/new-bacteria-lurking-on-iss-no-space-oddity-says-scientist "Four species of bacteria – three of them previously unknown to science – have been discovered onboard the International Space Station (ISS), begging questions about how they got there, and how they have managed to survive."

A woman was at her hairdresser’s getting her hair styled for a trip to Rome with her husband.. She mentioned the trip to the hairdresser, who responded: ” Rome? Why would anyone want to go there? It’s crowded and dirty.. You’re crazy to go to Rome .. So, how are you getting there?” “We’re taking BA,” was the reply. “We got a great rate!” “BA?” exclaimed the hairdresser.. ” That’s a terrible airline. Their planes are old, their flight attendants are ugly, and they’re always late. So, where are you staying in Rome ?” “We’ll be at this exclusive little place over on Rome ‘s Tiber River called Teste.” “Don’t go any further. I know that place. Everybody thinks it’s gonna be something special and exclusive, but it’s really a dump.” “We’re going to go to see the Vatican and maybe get to see the Pope.” “That’s rich,” laughed the hairdresser. You and a million other people trying to see him. He’ll look the size of an ant. Boy, good luck on this lousy trip of yours. You’re going to need it…” A month later, the woman again came in for a hairdo. The hairdresser asked her about her trip to Rome “It was wonderful,” explained the woman, “not only were we on time in one of BA’s brand new planes, but it was overbooked, and they bumped us up to first class. The food and wine were wonderful, and I had a handsome 28-year-old steward who waited on me hand and foot. And the hotel was great! They’d just finished a £5 million remodelling job, and now it’s a jewel, the finest hotel in the city. They too were overbooked, so they apologized and gave us their owner’s suite at no extra charge!” “Well,” muttered the hairdresser, “that’s all well and good, but I bet you didn’t get to see the Pope.” “Actually, we were quite lucky, because as we toured the Vatican, a Swiss Guard tapped me on the shoulder, and explained that the Pope likes to meet some of the visitors, and if I’d be so kind as to step into his private room and wait, the Pope would personally greet me. Sure enough, five minutes later, the Pope walked through the door and shook my hand! I knelt down and he spoke a few words to me” “Oh, really! What’d he say ?” He said: “Who the Fuck did your hair?”

https://phys.org/news/2021-04-astronomers-hint-silhouette-spaghettified-star.html Astronomers see first hint of the silhouette of a spaghettified star: For decades astronomers have been spotting bursts of electromagnetic radiation coming from black holes. They assumed those are the result of stars being torn apart, but they have never seen the silhouette of the actual material ligaments. Now a group of astronomers, including lead author Giacomo Cannizzaro and Peter Jonker from SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research/Radboud University, has for the first time observed spectral absorption lines caused by strands of a spaghettified star. Publication in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. more at link.............. the paper: https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article-abstract/504/1/792/6185055?redirectedFrom=fulltext Accretion disc cooling and narrow absorption lines in the tidal disruption event AT 2019dsg: ABSTRACT: We present the results of a large multiwavelength follow-up campaign of the tidal disruption event (TDE) AT 2019dsg, focusing on low to high resolution optical spectroscopy, X-ray, and radio observations. The galaxy hosts a super massive black hole of mass (5.4±3.2)×106M⊙(5.4±3.2)×106M⊙ and careful analysis finds no evidence for the presence of an active galactic nucleus, instead the TDE host galaxy shows narrow optical emission lines that likely arise from star formation activity. The transient is luminous in the X-rays, radio, UV, and optical. The X-ray emission becomes undetected after ∼100 d, and the radio luminosity density starts to decay at frequencies above 5.4 GHz by ∼160 d. Optical emission line signatures of the TDE are present up to ∼200 d after the light-curve peak. The medium to high resolution spectra show traces of absorption lines that we propose originate in the self-gravitating debris streams. At late times, after ∼200 d, narrow Fe lines appear in the spectra. The TDE was previously classified as N-strong, but after careful subtraction of the host galaxy’s stellar contribution, we find no evidence for these N lines in the TDE spectrum, even though O Bowen lines are detected. The observed properties of the X-ray emission are fully consistent with the detection of the inner regions of a cooling accretion disc. The optical and radio properties are consistent with this central engine seen at a low inclination (i.e. seen from the poles)

https://phys.org/news/2021-04-scientists-dark-energy.html Scientists make further step towards understanding dark energy: The extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS) collaboration has released its latest scientific results. These results include two studies on dark energy led by Prof. Zhao Gongbo and Prof. Wang Yuting, respectively, from National Astronomical Observatories of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (NAOC). The study led by Prof. Zhao was recently published in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. Based on eBOSS observations, Prof. Zhao's team measured the history of cosmic expansion and structure growth in a huge volume of the past universe, corresponding to a distance range between 0.7 and 1.8 billion light years away from us. This volume had never been probed before. This study took advantage of a method called "multi-tracer analysis," which mitigated the observational systematics proposed and implemented by Prof. Zhao and Prof. Wang. more at link...... the paper: https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article-abstract/504/1/33/6185048?redirectedFrom=fulltext The completed SDSS-IV extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey: a multitracer analysis in Fourier space for measuring the cosmic structure growth and expansion rate: ABSTRACT: We perform a joint BAO and RSD analysis using the eBOSS DR16 LRG and ELG samples in the redshift range of z ∈ [0.6, 1.1], and detect an RSD signal from the cross-power spectrum at a ∼4σ confidence level, i.e., fσ8 = 0.317 ± 0.080 at zeff = 0.77. Based on the chained power spectrum, which is a new development in this work to mitigate the angular systematics, we measure the BAO distances and growth rate simultaneously at two effective redshifts, namely, DM/rd (z = 0.70) = 17.96 ± 0.51, DH/rd (z = 0.70) = 21.22 ± 1.20, fσ8 (z = 0.70) = 0.43 ± 0.05, and DM/rd (z = 0.845) = 18.90 ± 0.78, DH/rd (z = 0.845) = 20.91 ± 2.86, fσ8 (z = 0.845) = 0.30 ± 0.08. Combined with BAO measurements including those from the eBOSS DR16 QSO and Lyman-α sample, our measurement has raised the significance level of a non-zero ΩΛ to ∼11σ. The data product of this work is publicly available at https://github.com/icosmology/eBOSS_DR16_LRGxELG and https://www.sdss.org/science/final-bao-and-rsd-measurements/.

Funny, in many cases that situation also applies to Australia. The two main parties in Australia, Labor [left of centre] and Liberal [right of centre] must vote along party lines, with the odd exception when a conscious vote is allowed. I believe all politicians should vote according to their conscience, all the time. An old ex PM of Australia, John Howard, was instrumental in achieving our strict gun laws after a massacre by a nut. His politics general were abhorent to me, but on this point, I supported him 100%, as did most Labor politicians. Yet when in 1972 we elected the first Labor government for 23 years, with our greatest ever PM, Gough Whitlam, who almost immediately gave Australia probably the best health care system one could ever wish for, it had every bloody Liberal politician screaming his or her arse off! That health care system is still maintained today, and so readily accepted and appreciated by the general populace, that no politician, right of the political spectrum would dare to attempt to scrap it. Could it be partly the case/situation in the US, that Police forces knowing that any man and his dog could have a weapon, are always scared and terrified of being involved in such incidents, and thereby lies the reason for their itchy trigger finger and sometimes excessive force? I'm speaking in general of course and certainly not in the obviously "over the top" abhorent situation with Floyd death. This seems to actually be the situation with the Aussie woman a while back, that called the cops thinking a prowler was on the loose, and was actually shot by one of the attending police. In essence, could the absence of any reasonable gun laws be the cause of such incidents in the US? Bingo!! seems to also apply in Australia in many many cases.

As others have said, the BB isn't about "creation"...and the "nothing" isn't the nothing as generally inferred. The BB gives us a reasonable picture and framework of how the universe we see today, evolved from a point, t+10-43 seconds. Before that, yes cosmologists at this time can only speculate, just as you are doing. Speculatively speaking, the "nothing" as defined by most cosmologists and promoted by Lawrence Krauss, and which has existed for eternity, is the quantum foam...pretty close to the nothing that a lay person may describe, and once did describe as nothing.

Science is what we know; Philosophy is what we don't know. Or to quote Richard feynman, "Scientists are explorers, Philosophers are Tourists",

Based on what I know, my thoughts also on this case in question...damned if you do, damned if you don't scenario. Who would want to be a copper!

A terrible situation and one I certainly would not like to be forced to make a decision on.

From an outsiders view, from the other side of the world, its pretty obvious that excessive heavy handed police actions resulted in a man's death going on the videos of the incident, and that the guilty verdict was the only just outcome. Justice was served. In saying that I have sympathy for genuine, honest, reasonable law enforcement officers, that generally carry out their duties as they should, and face dangers and difficult situations every day. The Chauvin's of this world have a lot to answer for.

A pretty picture/illustration is all I see. Life is simply a result of abiogenesis and evolution. With the stuff of life being everywhere we look, in a "near infinite" universe, over a 13.83 billion year period, the right combination of events and conditions finally presented themselves for such abiogenesis to take place. All I see is a load of philosophical jargon with pretty pictures. Einstein's spacetime [actually it was coined by Hermann Minkowski] is simply the multi-dimensional framework within which we locate events and describe them in terms of spatial coordinates and time. The concept of spacetime follows from the observation that the speed of light is invariant and Intervals of space and time considered separately are not the same for different observers. Your "social spacetime" is what I refer to as philosophical jargon.

Interesting article...A question for those more in the know with regards to some of the hypotheticals it talks about...My querie is with regards to Gravastars and the accepted garden variety "gravitationally completely collapsed objects", or if you like BH's. Can we differentiate between them, say in the signature of the gravitational radiation being emmited by one if they really exist? Afterall, we are able to calculate the sizes, and types of BH's, and differentiate them from Neutron stars, depending on whether they match certain templates. Either way, a "Gravastar" [if they exist] appears just as "exotic" as BH's, at least based on what little I know about Gravastars. My second question is with GR itself and the fact that it predicts EH's...so if any signature of a Gravastar is found, would it invalidate GR? and would it give rise to a new theory, perhaps a QGT if found? Or simply be recognised as a limitation of GR? Or alternatively, could Gravastars and our garden variety BH both exist?

That's just the way the cookie crumbles!

Didn't you read the rules and regulations before joining? Or have you an ulterior motive?

Remember marching around the house when I was about 9 years old, with a broom stick over my shoulder to this little number by Vaugn Monroe....

As inevitable as driveless cars are to eventually take over our roads, the above highlighted portion is the important issue to take out of this

Singapore has also been mentioned for further extention of the "travel bubble"