studiot

Rather than entering into another long pointless argument about the defintion, here is the first page of a modern textbook all about what are chemical reactions and why they occur. There is a whole chapter about solvation. Why do Chemical Reactions Occur ? Keeler and Wothers Oxford University Press

You have used ideas, hypotheses and theories rather indiscriminately to represent your notions. Please note all these words have different particular meanings in Science that other technical folk will expect you you use correctly. They are not interchangeable. Nothing you have said could be awarded the special status of a theory. However you have used the word hypothesis correctly so let us examine that. I assume you mean heat exchangers. It's so easy to make spelling and typos slips her, I do it all the time. So your hypothesis is that heat is exchanged via the rings. This requires more detail such as What heat is exchanged with what ? If you are saying that the rings receive solar energy and direct this to the planet you need to offer a mechanism whereby rings oriented at roughly right angles to and not touching it can transfer this heat. The right angle orientation and separation is about the worst position I can think of for this process, although it may be good for collection of solar energy. As a Mathematician I can assure you that little of this is true, although you may not have come across any of the relevent maths. As for an experiment to test the hypothesis that the Earth is alive I suggest you read Conan Doyle about Professor Challenger's experiment.

New (chemical) species are formed.

Yes

What on Earth do you mean by this double or is it triple negative ?

Nicely put. Short and to the point. +1

I had forgotton that lining of pipes is a common repair refurbishment technique. +1

Nice idea, don't forget to drain the water first. +1 There are (hireable) radio tracer heads that can be inserted into pipes, even quite small ones. So michel123456's question on pipe size is pertinent - over to you geordief. These tracers are usually floated down with the stream so again drain the pipe, insert the beacon head attached to a long enough string and flush through with water, whilst surface tracing with the detector.

I think it is a very naive and narrow view to suggest the EU being the reason for the prolonged peace. It was not the longest in history, however. Pax Romana lasted at least 10 timesas long as the European Coal and Steel Community and its successors have been in existence. I can only think of two of the later members that were not involved in PR. That has been promoted as a benefit, yes. But I think the real reason there has not yet been another war was fear of the Soviets. In infant school, the other side of my back garden fence was an RAF station. They flew Hunters and then Lightnings. Very frightening things to 5 year old, as they skimmied over the hedge. Later mine was the first year at grammar school that did not have to do compulsory military preparation training -- Yippee. I grew up in a generation that fully expected to have to go to war again and a nuclear one to boot. Ironically this was prevented by MAD. Do you really still want to go to war again ? I think that the UK benefitted by not being involved with the US in the Vietnam debacle. Yes, control means we can do what we like with our side. I was in Hungary during the Uprising of '56. NATO was not actually at war in the same way as the Soviets then. During the aforesaid Pax Romana the Romans carrried out substantial ethnic cleansing east of the Rhine in the part of Germany that was not within their empire.

It's nice to see someone else offering the warning about the 5 first day posts rule. +1 Also you have hit the nail on the head with your comment I underlined, about the real reason Einstein's two relativity theories have been so well received. Newton formally introduced the concept of Force so I will start there. It was known from Newton's time onwards that there was a unresolved difficulty hidden in the Laws of Mechanics (as they were then known). The difficulty is this and is called 'Action at a Distance'. If I walk up to you and push you, then it is easy to say and understand 'I exert a force on you'. But what if I drag a piece of iron along the ground by pulling it along with a separated magnet ? How does the magnet exert a pulling force on the piece of iron when there is nothing between them? Some secondary questions arise. What happens as the distance between the bodies increases? Does it take any time for the effect to happen, so if my magnet is suddenly knocked off course how long before the dragged piece of iron also changes course? All these questions were known to Newton and (some of) his contemporaries. It is these questions the Einstein's General theory address with great (but not total) observational success. Faint heart ne'er won fair Lady. Since you seem to be genuinely asking a thoughtful questions I thought I would offer you something very important and much easier than the Maths route, which is very tough, yet still vitally important and of use in other (if not all) areas of Science and Technology, unlike the rather specialist Maths and Physics needed for Relativity.

Understanding GR curvature requires quite a lot of deep Maths and Physics. Better to start with how Science approaches its description and analysis of what we observe around us using models and in doing so understand how far models can go in prediction.

When I read this first half of this post of yours, I though you were discussing reasonably for once and I considered replying to your points, Sadly in the second half you returned to being offensive, so all I will say is that the answer has already been given. And yes, I do have a coherent strategy that does not involve the same personality assasination strategy employed by both sides of the brexit debate.

As you see technical folks here are willing to give you a fair hearing. +1 to Bufofrog and Ghideon. Are you relying solely on the presence of geometric structures to indicate the presence of intelligent life or indeed any life at all? 'Geometric structures' is a very loose and ill defined term, structures that deserve to be so described abound in our Universe, from the very small to the very large. As a result, much of Science is devoted to understanding these. Our understanding to date is that they can arise from non living causes, living but not intelligent causes and a few from living and intelligent causes.

Good morning, Well I will take you at face value about being able to think logically, despite the aattitude expressed in the title by the use of the word 'farce'. Before you can understand the answer, you have to know and understand that we employ (consider) two kinds of 'force' in Science and Technology. Real forces such as those which hold the atom together, and imaginary forces which appear to be acting because of circumstances. The commonest example of an imaginary force is 'centrifugal force', which is 'felt' by someone on a roundabout, but not by an observer standing by. So your question boils down to is the force of gravity real or imaginary and what are the implications of each.

What a good example of how two people with differing opinions can hold a respectful discssion. +1 Very poetic, Donne was a thoughtful man - did you ever come across the one about outward show ? Poetry aside, one of my reasons for wanting to opt out of the EU is that I don't want my children or grandchildren to be involved in Europe's next war. I'm sorry to say the same old pressures are building up again. I would say the main reason that the remain campaign was so insipid was that they could not open with something like "The EU has been good for us because <long list of obvious benefits>" That's because we haven't had one. On the other foot, Leavers could have opened with their own list of proposed benefits, instead of playing the fear card. But they don't have the vision to offer any. The GFA is basically an agreement between two parties, those in Ulster and those Eire. They are the only ones who can directly 'break' the agreement. The rest of the parties involved are really bystanders since they are not actually present in the island of Ireland. In my view, the correct action for the UK government would be to take no action except to promote good relations. A border is not necessary. It currently works very well without one and would continue to do so if unhindered by the interference of outside parties and bystanders, most of whom regard the issue as ammunition in their dealings with other outside parties and bystanders.

So, if you have constraints (c) and variables (v) what is n ?

My most humble and sincere apologies for practicing what I preach. viz Non interference in other people's politics.

Well since I have not heard of him, he didn't do a very good job did he? But then there is no point using social media to try to advertise or manipulat me since I don't do common social media. That is the province of the young. And as I understand it, from what you are saying, they are against the policies of Bannon. Not so. It was open to both sides to show vision. But neither side has or had any. I was always worried about the image of 'brexiteers' outside the UK (inside we generally recognise politicians for the shysters they nearly all are) because only the loudmouth ones got any airtime. But they only had one vote each and there were not all that many such; it is cheaper for the media to accept pre-prepared handouts and follow the mouthings of a few than to do some real journalism and go out abnd about to find out what most normal people going about their everyday lives think. And you have to admit there were an awful lot of them to swing the vote as they did. Especially as most, myself included, didn't expect a brexit win. People like the friend I went to school with, now a retired solicitor, another friend a retired teacher, the son of another friend just becoming an apprentice and so on. I watched as 5 useless prime ministers let us slide further and further, giving each one the benefit of the boubt ath the beginning. Then Boris came along, like W W Ellis, picked up the ball and ran (and gave you American Football). Sadly that is the only good thing he has done since.

Having been involved with both EU and BS standards committees, I disagree. I have quoted exactly as you have written So you are one of those who wish to drag our standards further down into the gutter ? This is a particularly sore point for me as today the rubbish EU standard for auto fuses has cost me just over £100. I have never seen or heard of an old fashioned British pattern fuse failing in this manner, though I have heard of EU fuses causing problems. Of course the EU simple endorsed auto manufacturer's practice. To run salt into it, the manual says that if the warning light appears on the dash it is an electrical/electronic fault not a hydraulic oil fault, which is what would be expected from the symptoms. Then of course there were the laughable EU vehicle emission standards and fuel consumption standards, as policed by that industry. Have you already forgotton those? Did you say you were also responsible for the straight banana police? As you also responsible for the British input to EU standards for apples? Somerset is, of course, one of the counties famous for its apples. But the growers here tear their hair out at the EU grading system (which strangely enough exactly matches the tasteless French 'golden delicious' variety over the traditional English Cox). Size is everything with apples it seems. Nowhere did I say NZ cheese, you should be well aware of the Anchor brand and the price premium (inport duty) it currently enjoys as of course also happens to NZ lamb. No I think it looks really bad to be put in that position after we offered continued cooperation. But annoying for us as the injured party and bad image for the EU. As a reasonable question asked in a reasonable manner; yes I think they were. What exactly about the GFA worries you ? What do you think I am suggesting the UK should / will do ? Who is Bannon ? I thought he was 'the fugitive'. Meanwhile. back in the UK, I take it you are saying that the 'leave' campaign was second only in ineptitude to the 'remain' campaign. Both were composed of tired arguments and worn out lies that bored most of those who voted. Neither side offered convincing reasoned arguments for their position, and both avoided talking about what would follow if their point of view prevailed. But it would seem that no one then or here and now wants to listen (and evaluate) what the 'other side' says. They just want to shout and mock them down.

That is not the fear that I, as a directly involved englishman, expressed in both the title and the OP. Are you directly involved or are you an outsider attempting to foist your opinion on others? And it is just opinion. I know and respect you academic authority in your Life Sciences field. But how much do you really know about the rest of technological world ? EU standards are there to protect the interests of continental european industrial companies.Consumers don't get a look in. Cartography, Bricks, Concrete , Bridges, Chemicals, aircraft, electrical engineering and electricity supply, telecommunications, HIFi, ..... the list goes on and on. As does the list of my family members and friends who have suffered employment losses due to EU shennanigins. Maybe we will build our own Galileo, maybe we won't. Only time will tell. But you are sadly mistaken about access. We live in a world where more and more money and other resources are being concentrated in the hands of a few. Organising ourselves into large 'blocs' will only accelerate this process. We in the UK need to regain proper control of our own affairs and create some effective government, particularly at local levels, to replace the shambolic clowns we have had over too many decades now. We will never do that against the inertia of a large bloc where the politics is 'divide and rule'. When I do our twice weekly bake I like to see 'Canadian Wheat' on the label of the bag. Canadian conditions are ideal for this production, ours are definitely far behind this. We are, however, better placed to produce other products. That is a healthy basis for trade. Artificial quotas, permits and all that baggage are not. NZ and Oz are similarly better placed to offer the products we used to obtain from there. I look forward to the day when we will again get the vastly superior and fresher cheese, butter, lamb etc that I remember before the EU blocked all that and forced us to have stuff that had been in their quota system warehouse for sometimes several years. I can only apologise to folks in those countries that we ever turned our backs on them.

If you think EU standards are good, think again. Nearly all Euronorm standards are inferior to the good old BS they replaced. It is my opinion that the UK ought to be a beacon of higher standards, not lower. Yes WA does, but I see no evidence that the EU considers itself bound to follow any of them. Look at the way it bullied Eire a couple of years back over their due deomocratic process. They didn't like the resuult of the Eire poll so they made them keep going back to vote again until they returned the result the unelected commisioners wanted. The EU simply has no right to expect to interfere in what will be a totally sovereign nation after 31st Dec 2020. Next we will here they want to drill for oil off Cornwall, or somesuch. I'm glad you mentioned bridges, satellites and truck parks. What's wrong with with bridges ? The UK has been one of the major contributors to the EU satnav system to be. Yet, despite all that, the first thing the EU said in the negotiations is that they would not allow the UK access to it anymore and not pay back a penny we gave them. Truck parks ? Well the EU exports more to the UK than the UK does to the EU. Yet the UK has to build truck parks to accomodate the flood of EU trucks. Good show if we stopped that.

I'm glad my OP provided you Gentlemen and Ladies with some lively discussion after initial adverse reactions had settled down. Nowhere did I say that I wished to prevent anyone buying American food and eating it or feeding it to the dogs or whatever. I said I don't wish to be stuck with it as the only stock on offer in the supermarket. So the argument should not be "should we allow US food or not" , in my view of course we should. But only so long as it does not displace other offerings. It is not so long since my celiac friends could not buy anything in the supermarket. I don't trust Boris not to "Cry Havoc and let loose the dogs". Talking of Boris and the other part of this thread. I don't agree. Ministers have been wrong often enough before and the gutter press even more often. If only they had adopted my solution to the Irish border question, there would have been no problem or issue whatsoever with either the UK or Eire. Mrs May could have chosen this path and had a trade deal by now, but insted let this Irish issue break her. The long and the short of it is there is no breach of international or national law. The situation is that at present the UK has left the EU but has agreed to adhere to all the rules and standards of the EU until at least 31st Dec 2020. After that the UK can choose to continue to follow some or all or none of these. The Bill does nothing to change this, merely allows the UK government to choose one of these options after the given date. The EU want to force the UK to continue with their rules on their terms. As to the Fish, catch quotas (as currently set by the EU) in UK national waters may be sold on an annual basis. My relatives in Aberdeen (one of the UK's principal fishing ports) tell me that the EU wish to force the UK to continue this into the indefinite future, as do the Scottish Nationalists.

Agreed +1

Einstein didn't 'guess' In fact he was one of the founders of the quantum theory. (1905) This was of course long before a probabilistic explanation was suggested. In any event the probabilistic wave theory has since been found inadequate/incomplete, though still able to provide calculation and prediction for some phenomena. I have underlined the appropriate words. So he was actually correct. https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/einstein-and-the-quantum/

So why don't you explain these things, and in particular answer the OP's questions, instead of just shooting at me all the time ? BTW just humour me and type into google 'analog meters for sale' I just got over 15 million instant results. There is considerably more to this than your rather glib and superficial comments make out. In particular your omissions about the effect of a voltmeter in a more complicated arangement stand out. This was where I was heading with my introduction via potential dividers when you intervened. I will leave it to you to explain what happens when you measure the voltages across a 100k resistor in series with a 10 M resistor using a bog standard digital meters of input resistance 1M and 10M that Sensei mentioned. Arnav has come here to learn, so to tell him that the applied voltage is 'written on the side of the cell' is about the worst piece of advice you could give. @Arnav I don't know if you are still interested in this thread ?