studiot

Thanks for the answer, that clears up a lot. You should be aware of and beware of the phenomenon of tautomerism where there is actually a mixture of two structural forms with the same raw formula. The example in the sketch is for acetoacetic ester which exists as a mixture of the two forms which can be isolated. Once isolated the resultant fairly quickly degrades back to the mixture proportions (correct at room temperature). This is not resonance so it is easy to mix them up. Feel free to ask for more detail.

Ok so my beef with the first line of the OP is shown in my Fig 1 It is clearly wrong to state that the resonance orbital, hybrid or not, doesn't represent actuality. The above two Kekule primitive structures for benzene show alternate double and single bonds, but neither can be isolated from a flask of benzene, because neither actually exist. In fact all the bonds appear identical (with length 1.4A rather than the 1.5+A for a carbon-carbon single bond or 1.3A for a double). So the bonds as diplaced in the 'resonating' structures do not exist, but bonds which have a character which is a mixture of both do. The problem with the summary is this The electron pairs need not be only in Pi bonds as stated. My Fig 2 shows clearly that the resonating structures in carbon dioxide have both polar and non polar characteristics. Two have in fact charge separation by transfer of electrons. I think it will take at least one substantial post, starting at the beginning, to put all this right and explain it properly. So hannoe, speak up for yourself, and please tell us if English is not your first language so we can adjust for that.

Industrially manufactured CDs have pits which are mechanically pressed into the plastic by a metal master. User recordable CDs don't have physical pits. They incorporate a chemical layer which undergoes a local chemical change when 'burned' with the laser writer. These have different optical properties and are equivalent to the pits, but can degrade over time or heat or high levels of illumination. You would have to experiment with a CD or piece of one to see if it is specular enough for your purposes.

Glad it was helpful and understandable despite the poor spelling (sorry about that), feel free to ask if you want any more.

How would you propose that this edge 1) Interacts with radiation? 2) Works with expansion - is it also expanding (and perhaps getting thinner) or what?

Why (or when) would you expect an ice lattice to shatter? A glass 'lattice' - if it can be called that - is not a true crystal lattice and always contains locked-in stresses or residual stresses. It is these stresses that are responsible for the sudden shattering of glassy materials. Ice, on the other hand, is a true crustal lattice and if perfect contains no such stresses. So ice will only fail if foundation supports are removed by the initial impulse so the edifice crumbles under gravity or some other distributed force, such as surface tension.

Would you agree with the first line then? One of the characteristics of resonance structures is the change in bond length from the formative resonance structures. But it does IMHO show Hannoe has not properly distinguished between atomic orbitals, hybrids orbital, molecular orbitals (and says so her/his self). I was just waiting for more questions from the OP about what I said. There have been too many instances just lately where a question was asked and I or others put significant effort into an answer for an OP who never came back. It is, however, a good subject for discussion that may also benefit others.

Yes the photons can transfer momentum.

Yes only. The concept makes no sense if external forces applied to the system would deform it as well as move it. The binary stars you mention act as a pseudo non deformable 'body' or system, as does the solar system, as does a galaxy, as does a rocket and its exhaust. But apply a sideways force to the exhaust once it has left the rocket and tell me what happens to the 'centre of mass' ? Alternatively, what happens if the rocket collides with an asteroid? Does it hit with the momentum of the whole system or just the rocket part?

This was posted in mainstream Science and should be discussed as such. Surely you should develop such hypotheses in Speculations? (Where I'm sure there would be interest in discussion)

Think about the definition and properties of a centre of mass then come back and ask again. No, I think it is a good question as it allows consideration and discussion of the Physics, without the mathematics getting in the way.

It would be quite untrue to claim that the only possible way to measure isotopic masses is by direct force balance (the chemical balance) or by mass spectroscopy. There are other perfectly satisfactory ways.

So strictly in accordance with the rules of ScienceForums they are not theories they are speculations. Small wonder the dog thinks its a pussy cat.

First of all the universe is not a rigid body. The term centre of mass is only strictly applicable to rigid bodies. Secondly you have to decide if you are talking in Newtonian or Relativistic terms. This is because of the time taken for any force applied at one point to act on another at significant distance. It is even possible for one part of the universe to have responded to a force before the effect of that force has reached another part. Here are the newtonian formulae for the coordinates of COM.

As in Hybridisation, Delocalisation per Pi bonding and Resonance.

You know this and I know this but but does the dog in the doorway know this? (Have you come across that old saw?) IOW how do you get from (1) to the difference between electric and magnetic fields or (2) from C-S to Heisenberg? You need some physical reasoning and observation.

Nice welcome +1 Hazel, tell us more.

No. You have mixed up and confused several different concepts or models. We have several because no model is perfect so we select the one that most suits our current needs.

Well thank you kind sir.

But appears convinced that studiot does not exist.

I agree but the link between the formalism and what the modle says about physical reality is often not clear to readers. For example what do the following famous formalisms tell us is happening in Physical reality. [math]{\nabla ^2}\varphi = 0[/math] [math]{\left( {\int {fgdx} } \right)^2} \le \left( {\int {{f^2}dx} } \right)\left( {\int {{g^2}dx} } \right)[/math] The latter is, of course one of the foundation statements of the quantum theory.

Well I'm not sure exactly what information you are seeking here, but the story of how it was all worked out is fascinating. The process took almost 200 years from about 1660 to the Cannizzaro paper of 1858, via the hypothesis of Avogadro in 1811. There were many blind alleys and false trails along the way, and many famous names contributed sometimes adding correct insights, sometimes getting it hopelessly wrong. The story is too much to put into a forum post, and is in fact the subject of a book in its own right. Chasing the Molecule by John Buckingham.

Yes, of course. That is how Einstein's relativity was born. But that does not mean anything goes just because someone fancies pink unicorns. Nor is this to say the Einstein was a mathematical dunce. Proper scientific reasoning hand-in-hand with observation is more important than mathematics in my opinion. Here is a really superb example Watch my hands - no mathematics at all but we have discovered the order of melting points of these minerals.

This is reminiscent of the caculation of Madelung constants. Have you heard of these? You should be able to derive similar overall constants for your hypothesis. Now I have done you the courtesy of offering constructive comments and asking a couple of simple questions that can support simple answers rather than long screeds that seem to be prefaced by such get out clauses as " We assume that"......... Now please provide a simple direct answer to a simple direct question.

icarus, Since you have been unable to provide an answer to my question about the interaction of negative mass with forces, perhaps you can offer soemthing on the question os mass density. (I note Mordred has already mentioned energy density, which is, of course different) Mass density play an important role in cosmological evolution equations, including Friedmann's solutions so can you offer an expression to calculate the mass density of universe, including the proposed negative mass? What is the result/effect when existing measurements are put in for the constants involved? Mordred has also offered you a large number of references an no doubt you have many of your own. I would therefore council you to beware of sign conventions which can produce unexpected negative signs, for example this warning by DF Lawden.