studiot

For the benefit of those of us unsure exactly how your experiment was conducted can you provide sufficient detail to fully appreciate it ?

Indeed, but for which model of GR?, the original simple one, or one of the many rewrites over the 20th cnet or the 2008 one after Connes?

Please you read the rules of this forum. Two members of long standing have now asked you to explain further. It seems to me that your argument is basically "If you can't understand it it's your fault, not mine for not fully explaining." I do understand the ladder paradox and at least some of its variants, but I do not understand the scenario you are proposing. Several members have told you words to the effect that "the devil is in the detail" and that your proposal is woefully short on detail.

Me too, +1

Another masterclass of clarity of thought and reasoning, Janus. +1

Yes I like it too. +1 to Endy

OK so let's start here. The point about loads is that they are external to the object experienceing the load. Loads may be forces, which are applied at a point or distributed (spread out) eg pressure. Mechanics tells us that there are also forces of reaction exerted by the load on whatever is applying the load. But here you do not need to condsider these. Stresses are what happens inside the body i.e. they are internal. And yes they are force divided by the area over which they act because they are always distributed throughout the body. So let us look at the (deformation) response of bodies to loads and the stresses that these loads generate within the bodies. If these are models of hollow concrete blocks, which do you think is stronger and why? The point is that the deformation response depends not only on the material strength but also on the shape of the body. Fig3 shows a fat, squat, stout body and the exagerated response as it bulges or bursts under compressive load. Fig 4 shows a tall slender body buckling under compressive load Fig 5 shows a 'diagonal shear failure as one part of the body slides over another along a diagonal when under compressive load. this is intermediate between 3 and 4 where the body is too fat to buckle but not fat enough to burst. Now if we apply this knowledge to the composite shape in Figs 1 and 2 can you see why there are sub dividing sub walls? Well done for finding this out. This feature of concrete is vitally important in the use of the material because it allows the concrete to be reinforced. The stress has to be transferred somehow from the concrete to reinforcing material. This is where Fig 6 comes in. If there is a reinforcing nail or bar in the concrete as it sets, the concrete will shrink around the bar and indoing so will grip the bar very very tightly as shown in the right hand part of Fig6. So the bar is very strongly embedded in the concrete. This embedding is called the bond strength. So if the concrete tries to pull apart or slide apart the stronger reinforcing material resists as in Fig7. You mentioned trying diffeent reinforcing materials, what effect do you think a slippery material like rubber will have? I'm glad you have plenty of time to conduct your project as concrete take time to gain strength. (Industrially steam curing is sometimes used to shorten this). You should also firm up on your project aims but be prepared to amend them in the light of what you discover and aldo to discuss ideas with your project supervisors. I hope I have given you some things to think about, for isntance to investigate the effect of shape as well as material properties. It would be a good idea to look at standard test methods to test just the material properties alone so here is a link to that http://www.icomat.in/assets/articles/failure_pattern.pdf

I think this may be what you are trying to describe. However I should observe that terminology has been rather loose here. The polarisation discussed so far is plane polarisation. There is also circular and elliptic polarisation where the direction is constantly changing.

Oh no, not again an after the OP has already pre-noted 13 years ago that this subject has already been discussed Seal this knot now please.

Keep going, you are getting there. One term I think not yet mentioned is glare. Polarisation filters work for improving vision because they cut down glare.

We're always very pleased to help someone who is doing much of the work themselves and in your case it is very good work. I hope if you break any blocks your testing equiment has a shield in front of the block under test. They can literally explode on failure, throwing debris about all over the place. Don't worry about the certification of the testing people in your video, it was a good video. You may be aware that ASTM stands for American Standard Test Methods. The was not a British or EU standard. Because of the shape of the hollow blocks they will respond differently to compression compared to a solid block (the brick you mentioned). So before we talk about a formula (very difficult for hollow blocks) let us decide what you are actually testing for i.e. the aims of your project. You mention that you are going to incorporate different ingredients into your concrete mix. Presumababy you want to compare the stengths of blocks made with each. Have you given any thought to predictions as to what might happen? I suggest you investigate the following in relation to this. Does concrete loose or gain volume as it sets. i.e. does it shrink or expand? Do you have any idea how and why concrete fails? You have reported a stength in terms of a stress (PSI) What do you know about stress and what is the difference between stress and load?

Yes lots of us have this trouble and we find that you need to resolve it by clicking on the page refresh button (and waiting up to 2 minutes) whilst the 'improved' SF site goes off to Mathjax and finds the relevant symbols.

It would help if we could narrow down the focus on your question. Are you seeking a biochemical explanation of the mechanism of vision?

Hint What happens to the elements you haven't mentioned?

At last +1 Godel killed Hilbert's dream a nearly century ago.

If it's any consolation, there are some interesting formulae involving pi and trig functions. First there is Euler's Identity [math]{e^{i\pi }} + 1 = 0[/math] Then there is the series for th inverse tangent [math]{\tan ^{ - 1}}\left( x \right) = x - \frac{{{x^3}}}{3} + \frac{{{x^5}}}{5} - \frac{{{x^7}}}{7}...........[/math] Now if we put x = 1 then the series becomes [math]{\tan ^{ - 1}}\left( 1 \right) = 1 - \frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{5} - \frac{1}{7}...........[/math] and remembering that the angle whose tangent is 1 is [math]\frac{\pi }{4}[/math] [math]\frac{\pi }{4} = 1 - \frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{5} - \frac{1}{7}...........[/math]

Hello andrea and welcome to ScienceForums. Unusual project, but still. You should be able learn a lot about (composite) materials from it. Please be more specific about what you mean by 'reinforced'? Steel rods? Steel Fibres? Other fibres? Something else entirely? Are you making the concrete blocks yourselves? Also the configuration of the hollow blocks is important. There are two possibilities depending on how you apply the load. Finally a word about this line This is the ultimate failure strength of the block, not the usually quoted compressive strength. The compressive strength that is used for design purposes and specified in catalogs or standards will only be a fraction of this.

Non, au contraire, it is you who has it wrong. It is not necessary for for the circumference to be a whole number. All that is necessary is that it be a non trancendental one like pi. although +1 to pzkpfw for clarity of comment. Then it is the radius which becomes trancendental not the circumference. In 1790 they could not have guaranteed that the length of the Paris meridian was not such a number times the unit circumference. Nor could we today. In any case the French got it wrong so the metre, was only ever the distance, under specific climatic conditions, between two marks on first an iron, then a platinum/iridium bar. Later it was tied to the distance between successive peaks of certain light waves. You do not need pi to identify this distance.

Since you chose to ignore my last post, I will tell you straight out that the length of a metre is nothing to do with pi.

That is not the length of a sine wave, that is the length of its projection on the translational axis. It's projection on the transverse axis is 2 The length of a sine curve is an not an elementary function and has to be evaluated by numerical methods. It is approximately 7.64.

Green is the normal characteritic colour of copper in a flame, why do you think the alcohol makes a difference? The gases in the flame are the result of alcohol combustion, not alcohol anyway. But flame tests are part of chemistry note what they say here about the oxidation state of the copper https://www.thoughtco.com/flame-test-colors-photo-gallery-4053133 Was ther a black deposit on the wire after heating? There's lots on the web about flame tests, including this interesting puzzle from the Royay Society of Chemistry. http://www.rsc.org/learn-chemistry/resources/gridlocks/downloads/answers/Flame Tests ans.pdf https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=copper+flame+test&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&client=firefox-b&gfe_rd=cr&dcr=0&ei=_8IKWo2yBYL98wf9xL_IDQ

very approximate ?

Emergent phenomena are a whole other can of worms that many make too mystic. Do you know of any down to earth examples? Prometheus, once again I like your dispassionate thinking. +1

Capiert I do like your new mellow perspective. +1 Is that dog ruff?

OK itoero, you have reached your goal of 100 replies. So we can all pack up and put this thread to bed now.