studiot

Thank you those who have added new information since I last looked. Imatfaal the French connection goes back further than you think (certainly further than the film). In Europe, including England and Scotland, The village and town (called ton, burgh etc) were constructs of the Feudal System,as I'm sure you know. A bonded man who escaped a village and made it to a town became free for instance The village acknowledged one ruling Lord, a town had a committee or council of some sort. The city is even older as in the ancient greek City-States, which recognised no overseeing authority. The word city fell into disuse in Roman times as everywhere, owed allegiance to Rome but was maintained in the word citadel, around which many later cities were developed.

Welcome to the side of the angels, arc. +1

You should study Bayesian statistics applied to decision making. https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=bayesian+statistics+for+decision+making&hl=en-GB&biw=&bih=&gbv=2&oq=bayesian+statistics+for+decision+making&gs_l=heirloom-serp.3...13687.17109.0.17375.20.5.0.15.15.0.125.546.2j3.5.0....0...1ac.1.34.heirloom-serp..14.6.561.kQ5vBwA-nI8 Also the use of Limit State Theory in Engineering. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limit_state_design

A very high percentage of people have one or more major changes of career during their professional study and subsequent working lives. This trend is for this percentage to continue rising. Note the first change can occur either at college or immediately after. I know two sisters who both completely changed tack after graduating college. One did foreign languages and then returned for a further degree to qualify as a speech therapist, I forget what the second originally studied, but she went back and qualified as a podiatrist and now has her own thriving business in podiatry. As a matter of interest you only mention your father. I don't wish to pry into your family circumstances, but does your mother not also have an opinion on this. Whatever, physiotherapy is a highly respectable occupation that can take you far.

Thanks for the information so far. Are there no religous connections?

Can anyone tell me the difference to an American between a City, a Town and a Village please|?

Yes it just goes to show that my original hunch was correct. There are some spiders lurking in the dark corners of set theory. Oh and BTW, which set theory? There are several versions of modern set theory. Neither wtf or you have shown that it is necessary condition of membership for us to know or be able to know if an element is a set member or the properties of said member. Surely an element would be a member, within the terms of reference, even if humans had never existed?

Weighs? What sort of kilogramme are you talking about?

Hello Xerxes, how do you define 'true'? I would also be interested in understanding what the relevence of this is to the thread please?

I don't think you did as I subsequently pointed out. Was my post not clear, I can elaborate if you like. I will concede that enumeration (as a counting process) is different but not necessary. Edit. I just noticed some stuff in your post#30 that was added since I last looked at it. It does not change my opinion; I will produce a properly reasoned response.

Antimatter was postulated in 1928, experimentally confirmed in 1933 and first human use made in 1951. http://timeline.web.cern.ch/timelines/Discovering-the-positron

Isn't is a good feeling when you puzzle something out for yourself and find you have puzzled it correctly? +1

Thank you , Fred, for responding to my question. I was really seeking specific examples in preference to generalities and would welcome any that you can offer.

Studiot wrote To which you replied Is this still Science Forums or has is been renamed to AliceinWonderlandForums? What could be simpler than saying whether you think this is a Physics question or a Mathematics question? We can proceed from there.

Well a good start would be to answer my comment in post#28

I'm sorry but I have answered all your questions politely and respectfully, as required by the rules of this forum. It is time you answered a few of mine. Note "I don't know enough to answer that" is a perfectly acceptable answer in Science.

Depends if you regard the quoted statement by yourself as Physics or Mathematics. Back in post12 I observed that this question could be solved by Physics or Mathematical methods.

+1 to swansont for an intelligible statement (which I now repeat); 0 to DimaMazin Huh?

The theory was developed alongside the practical discipline of surveying as the need arose over a period of several centuries to the mid 1800s. But none of the theory of spherical excess has anything to do with the the plumb of the theodolite. The angle examples I gave are purely due to the difference between a plane surface and the (assumed) spherical surface of the Earth. I don't know what you mean by the discrepancy from plumb, there are several causes, all well known, defined and accounted for. In order of precedence (influence) they are From the 18th century until well into the 20th century surveying instruments were set up (levelled or plumbed) using a weighted plumb bob and suspension line. Everest's equipment was of this type and the bob suffered gravitational attraction towards the mass of the Himalayas as well as down towards the centre of the Earth. The rotation of the Earth causes an additional (eastwards in the Northern hemisphere) deflection from true vertical. The Coriolis force causes an addition precession of the axis changing direction around the circumference of a circle as can be seen in the Chicago, Lisbon and Philadephia Foucault pendulums. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iqpV1236_Q0 You should watch the first and last minute of this video. Modern equipment does not suffer from these issues because they employ an optical plummet. If it were not for the rotation of the Earth, a pendulum would hang down straight and still and always swing to and fro in the same plane, away from the Himalays. All this assumes that the Earth is a perfect sphere. Another 'discrepancy' of the plumb arises because Earth's shape is not perfect. This would arise whether the Earth was rotating or not. Here is a question for you to ponder. New York is on the 74th meridian of longitude. An ICBM rocket, travelling at 3600 mph, is launched from the North pole along the 74 meridian towards New York., a distance of 3360 miles. What part of NY will the missile destroy?

There is something of a sign convention issue here, amongst all the other missing items the OP did not tell us. What does this mean? Does it mean the vertical acceleration is in the same direction as gravity (downwards) since it has the same sign? In which case the total vertical acceleration = g + g/2 and downwards is positive. Or was it badly worded and in fact the additional vertical acceleration is upwards, which makes more sense, and numerically equal to -g/2. With a downwards positive convention this makes the total vert accel = g - g/2 This is the calculation imatfaal and I used. Or with an upwards positive convention the accel is g/2 - g = -g/2

Returning to my post#13 and seriousness for a moment. You seemed interested in my comments about Everest's survey of India in your post#14 so here is some more detail. It is an observed fact that if you set up three theodolites on the surface of the Earth at three locations forming a triangle and observer the three angles of that triangle your observed angles will add up to more than 180o. By the time of the survey of India this phenomemon was well known and understood. It was called spherical excess. Like the offset calculation from the curve its effect is small when the points are small distances apart but increases rapidly as size of the triangles grow. For a (nearly) equilateral triangle of 100 mile sides the excess is almost exactly 1 minute of arc (57 seconds) and the excess may be divided equally between the angles so you will observe each angle to be 60o 00' 19". For your 32 mile length the effect is just less than 9" total or 3" per angle. Mathematically this is known as Legendre's theorem and cannot happen on a flat Earth. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legendre%27s_theorem_on_spherical_triangles

Aren't they the same after enough rum? Instructions for imbibing navy rum. 1) Pace your sailor's bonnet on the deck by your hammock 2) Climb into your hammock 3) Sip the rum 4) Continue to sip the rum until you can see two bonnets: you have had enough.

Drink it? I thought you were supposed to bathe in it.

That was how I learned to type, on an ancient Underwood (manual of course). I used to send it to university and back as part of my luggage courtesy, British Rail. Just placed it into an old grip with the handles tied together by the address label so it was obvious what it was. There was never any damage or problem. Ah those were the days my friend. (a more recent poet) confusi Did you just say that an island was 600 feet below sea level or was it my naval rum? Perhaps you would like to explain.

Having cleared the calculation issue let us move on to your next misconception about horizon views. I repeatedly asked what was seen from the dockside as a ship sailed away. There was a very good resason for this, as my rather scruffy sketch demonstrates. As the ship sails away the lower part disappears first, so in my sketch you can see first (closeup) the whole vessel dwon to the waterline. But as it moves off you get to the point where only the scuppers and above are visible. Next the lower mast disappears. Finally the cross tree, followed by the upper mast. You do not see this effect unless the object is moving away from you (This is one case where relative motion is asymmetric) So you would not see it from your canoe. Nor would you see it with two railway lines at the same level. Of course what you can see also gets smaller due to perspective as the object gets further away, but the point is not its size but its profile.