I am reading a book about Einstein right now written by Walter Isaacson. I am about to 1912. Einstein was a bit of a rebel. He was not considered a very competent teacher. Lorentz and Einstein were friends and often communicated by letters.
In July 1912 Einstein moved back to Zurich from Prague. He contacted his college buddy Marcel Grossman, a brilliant mathematician who did his dissertation on non-euclidean geometry, published 7 papers on it and was chairman of the Math department. Einstein was not the greatest mathematician and never took it too seriously or studied it to any great extent, but now he was starting to acquire an appreciation that Mathematics could be a tool for discovery and not just a description.
Before he had much preferred his intuition guide him to the physical principles and leave the math to others like his Zurich colleague Minkowski did in Special Relativity.
That is where Grossmann came in. Grossmann recommended a paper Bernhard Riemann did for his thesis on curved surface in multi dimensions. Riemann thesis adviser was Carl Gauss who was a pioneer in the field in the mid 19th century. Einstein wanted to develop math that described two complementary processes. How a gravitation field told matter how to move and how matter told the gravitational field how to curve space. This led him to another insight of genius that gravity could be defined as the curvature of space time. He spent the next three year working on this with Grossmann.
When he was working as a patent clerk, there was an flood of patents submitted to synchronize clocks as the rail system was expanding but there many cities connected by a single rail causing nightmare collisions. a Standard time was needed. This is where the seed was planted that motion was through time and space. Things in the same inertial reference frame had all their motion through time. When someone moves relative to another, some of their motion is now through space. This he realized meant that for each observer, time passed at different rates. I know WOW.
Some time insight is more collective notion that an individual one. This I find fascinating. For example the alchemists thought the world was made up 4 things. Earth, air water and fire. The fact that is no where near the truth is not the point though. This was a significant leap in that it introduced the concept that the world could be described in terms of a combination of fundamental things. Since them we have learned much about fundamental things, but it is still the same concept.