big314mp

Well, the idea I had with rectification was to convert AC to DC, and then measure the DC voltage, thereby getting around the bandwidth issue. If you are working with tesla coils (I'm guessing so) there are certain formulas to get the voltage on the power circuit side. I think the tank cap needs to be 2x supply current + safety margin (usually 30kV+ for neon sign transformers). Standoff between turns on the primary coils can be calculated using the breakdown voltage of air. There are formulas to calculate the voltage across the secondary coil, and from there you can get volts per turn to know the amount of insulation needed for the wire. For actual electrical data, I'd recommend an oscilloscope with a high voltage probe (basically a voltage divider that measures electrical field). I'd recommend this site: http://www.hot-streamer.com/ It's run by one of the main contributors to the Tesla Coil mailing list I posted...somewhere. Paul Nicholson's site (linked from the above web page) has a bunch of differen modeling software that makes it pretty easy.

Well the chemistry basis I used for it was that the cell voltage would be (of the half reaction coupled to itself) zero, therefore delta G would be zero, which implies an equilibrium. It was basically an accounting trick to help explain the overall principle from the perspective of Le Chatelier.

I would go the biology department websites of various collages and look at the different professors/researchers who work there. Usually they list current/recent research that they have done. I'm sure you will be able to find something there, as Marine Biology is something of a wide topic.

The way I understand it (feel free to correct me) is that there is an equilibrium on each side (when the cells are disconnected)...but it is something of a meaningless equilibrium: Cu2+ + Cu <-> Cu + Cu2+ and something similar happening on the zinc side. Your half reactions would be: Cu2+ + 2e- <-> Cu Cu <-> Cu2+ + 2e- Now when you connect the cells, you can think of it like this: The zinc can provide electrons more easily than the copper can, so on the copper side there is an "excess" of electrons. This drives the copper side (Le Chatelier) towards the metal: Cu2+ + 2e- <-> Cu, shifts towards right because of excess electrons on left On the zinc side, the copper cell acts as an electron "sink" so there is a deficit of electrons, shifting that reaction towards the zinc ion. Hope that doesn't confuse you anymore

See, the problem is that in the analog meters, the current is used to generate a magnetic field. This magnetic field then pulls on the needle, which is attached to a spring. The more current, the stronger the field, the more it pulls the magnet and stretches the spring. Since the device operates based on a magnetic field, applying an external field just hijacks the mechanism in the meter. Instead of the electromagnet pulling the needle, its the outside magnet. And a neodymium magnet would be more than strong enough to pull the needle off of the scale. Technically, a small bit of current would be produced, but that effect will be swamped by the massive field of the external magnet.

well...to be honest... Moment I could finally go home...after finishing my ochem final

I looked up metabolic acidosis on wikipedia, and they had a link to lactic acidosis, which is what you are looking for: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactic_acidosis Also take a look at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_alkalosis <speculation> One of the symptoms they list is deep, heavy breathing, suggesting that the two do affect each other. Considering that the anaerobic systems can generate energy faster than aerobic systems (i.e. one can sprint faster than they can distance run), I would think that the lactic acid will be produced faster than the CO2 can be blown off. </speculation>

<channelling the governator> It's not a tuNa </pumping you up> Bit or surrealism ya know. Anyhow, if you can eliminate the fumes (NH3 does make some people feel sick) its probably the glasses. I'm going to throw this in for good measure...if I skip breakfast then go to lab, I tend to get headaches, and feel generally tired. A snack+water/drinks, perhaps?

It's generally not good, but it is definitely not unheard of. What type of chem lab is it? (Organic, gen chem, something else...) Any particular chemicals you notice it around? Do you guys have/use fume hoods?

Pi is a ratio. It is no more unknowable than a fraction, such as 22/7. It is a mathematical symbol for circumference divided by diameter. It's actual numerical value, represented in decimal form is irrelevant. For mathematicians, they will use the pi symbol, as that is the most accurate representation. For scientists/engineers, an approximate value of pi is more relevant. It all sounds like semantics, but in a real sense, that's all it is. Pi is a ratio of c to d. That's its definition. It can be approximated in various ways (3.14..., 22/7, etc.), but these are just numerical approximations to a mathematical CONCEPT. They cannot be compared. It is meaningless to say that "we don't know pi out to the last digit, so we don't know it at all." The actual string of numbers comes secondary to the concept of what pi is.

Hey, I'm big314mp, and I read wikipedia too much

Exactly.

Thanks! So its just that the nitrogen slows down the attack on DMF, so the other aldehyde is preferentially reacted.

Usually these things are built individually. I'm guessing that you are looking for something like this (head down to the spark gap section, about half way down): http://powerlabs.org/coil2.htm The guys here will help out also: http://www.pupman.com/ ^^^Tesla Coil mailing list. They can explain this better than I can, and could probably design it for you as well. And to answer your other question about ammeters/voltmeters (hopefully): Usually an oscilloscope is used, with one terminal grounded, and the other one held in the air near the coil to measure the electric field. This field will then correspond to voltage. The peak current in the unit can be calculated based on the tank capacitor size and the inductance of the main coil. Here are some equations: http://f3wm.free.fr/tesla/theory.html

What exactly are you trying to measure? If the frequency is above the range of the meter, use a bridge rectifier to measure the current/voltage, and a oscilloscope to measure frequency. If the voltage is too high, use a voltage divider. If the current is too high, calculate it based on known current at a known voltage (this may not be possible), to get the resistance of the load, then check the operating voltage to calculate the current.

This? http://original.britannica.com/eb/topic-591330/thermal-ammeter Why a thermal one instead of a "normal" one?

His point was that c=planck length, which he approximates to zero (a point). Therefore pi*d=c, becomes pi*d=0, which doesn't make any sense. But make c=3*planck length, then you have: pi*d = 3 d must be in integer units of the planck length, therefore, pi=3. At least, I think that is the premise. Correct me if I'm wrong. And as c goes to infinity, the calculated (approximate in this case) value of pi will approach the actual value of pi. Basically this is "quantizing" the circle. As the circumference of the circle goes to infinity, the circle "unquantizes" (Its the same thing as if the units you are dividing the circle into go to zero), which takes you back to the unrounded/quantized/truncated form of pi.

We just did a Wittig reaction in Ochem lab, and the solvent we used was DMF. Looking at the structure of DMF shows it has a carbonyl, similar to the carbonyl of the substrate the Wittig reagent was attacking (cinnamaldehyde). My question is, why doesn't the DMF react with the wittig reagent and ruin the reaction?

Phosgene is bad because it formc HCl on contact with moist tissue (ex. your LUNGS), which causes lots of damage. Death by pulmonary edema. And I'm a little surprised that nobody threw in diethyl ether and the williamson ether synth. EDIT: And how did I forget N2O laughing gas.

Is there anything that prevents you from just turning the fan 180 degrees?

I think he means the line from the center of the circle to A or C?? In any case, it seems relatively straightforward: http://mathworld.wolfram.com/CircularSegment.html

The little white line shows the highest peak, in each frequency range, in the previous few seconds of audio. If you made audio files of various test tones at different frequencies, you could play them and then try and correlate the bars to a given frequency range

Aluminum foil works pretty well. You could also try one of these: http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Lab/5322/bottle.htm They're used in cheep, homebuilt tesla coils and other HV apparatus.

By electric meter, I'm guessing an analog type ammeter. Which works by passing the electricity through an electromagnet, that then moves the needle to the appropriate current reading. Applying an external magnetic field (via your magnet) would probably just move the needle, but there wouldn't be any current flowing through the meter. You might break the device though, if it is delicate enough.

Well, based on what we've done in Ochem so far, THF and other ethers are not deprotonated by organometallic bases such as grignard reagents. This would suggest a pKa somewhere north of 50. Of course, in that range, it doesn't even really matter.