BabcockHall

Surface-exposed loops, by contrast, are sometimes more accessible to proteases.

What two functional groups do these two compounds have in common with each other?

One way to think about gas chromatography is that it separates molecules on the basis of their relative tendencies to be in the gas phase versus a particular liquid phase. What can the experimenter do to affect this partitioning?

An abundance of blood glucose would be expected to stop glycogenolysis in the liver. Therefore, one should look at how insulin regulates the key enzymes.

Please post your best attempts at answers or your thoughts, and then perhaps someone can respond.

I am pretty familiar with anion-exchange and cation-exchange, but what are P and Mo? Do you mean the elements phosphorus and molybdenum, or something else?

It is possible that the second question has its roots in the fact that glycolysis happens in the cytoplasm, and oxidative phosphorylation happens in the mitochondria.

Please show us your attempts at these two questions and perhaps we can help.

This is a very complex question. One might consult Nelson and Cox, Principles of Biochemistry, Chapter 15 for some reading. The regulation of phosphoprotein phosphatase-1 is a key control point, as you imply. There is an inhibitor of this protein (inhibitor 1) that can be reversibly phosphorylated. Second, the regulation of glycogen-targeting protein GM is worth examining. It can be phosphorylated in two different locations, by different hormones (insulin versus epinephrine). Finally some isoforms of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase are regulated, but to the best of my knowledge, not all are. IIRC regulation of an isozyme of cAMP phosphodiesterase might be more important in certain kinds of lipid metabolism, but I could be wrong.

Hint: plot the data.

Use units cancellation.

What have you found so far?

You might try searching on negative cooperatively. In the book Structure and mechanism in protein science, Alan Fersht has a very brief treatment on pages 296-297 (second edition).

Can you donate to someone? It is possible to use in the production of biodiesel, for example.

You are arguing against the facts, which are that most mutations in the gene for the lactose repressor are recessive, but some are dominant. I am not aware of any that are codominant.

One of the linkages I made was in GDP, and my starting materials were GMP, activated as the morpholidate and O-17 labeled Pi. I think Moffatt was one of the first people to use this technique. My recollection is that yields in making phosphoanhydrides are not uncommonly in the range of 50%. In the case of ATP, I would probably start with AMP and PPi.

@OP, E. coli is ordinarily a haploid organism; therefore, it has no need of any mechanism to make one allele silent. Yet it can be made partially diploid by using plasmids. The gene for the lactose repressor protein is sometimes given the symbol i. Most lactose repressor mutants coding for a nonfunctional repressor i- are recessive to the wild type form i+. A few mutants that code for a nonfunctional repressor, however, and dominant, i-d. How do you explain these two observations?

To the best of my knowledge, the chemical synthesis of ATP was first achieved in 1949 by Alexander Todd. I have synthesized a few phosphoanhydrides here and there, and it is generally not easy.

Asking why something would not happen in a certain way is starting out on the wrong track. The question is what does or does not happen, based on evidence.

Itoero, I think that you are misconstruing the meaning of the word "mask." For one thing to mask something else does not necessarily mean that there has to be a direct interaction between the two things.

The answers here have been helpful; I hope I won't muddy the waters. For some enzymes a nonfunctional allele displays recessive genetics. One might think at first blush that if you have one good and one bad copy of a gene, that the flux through this pathway will be down by 50%. However, sometimes the flux is essentially unaffected, because the particular step of the pathway has a flux control coefficient of zero.

Suppose you formed the mixed anhydride. Could it react with anything?

What do you know about reducing versus non-reducing sugars?

SStell, My intention was to think of both A and B as being in their reduced forms. Under those conditions, there would not be any electron transfer. (However if there were a solution that had both Bred and Aox, then yes, electrons would transfer from B to A.) My point was this: The electrons in Bred are much more easily removed than the electrons in Ared. Putting it another way, Bred is a stronger reducing agent than Ared is.

Suppose we have two chemicals A and B, and the reduction potential of B is much more negative than the reduction potential of A. What does that tell you about B versus A?