CharonY

That actually has been well-recognized and that is why fecal-transplantations (among other things) are being done. That being said, it is usually a bit too late to try to tweak biota when pathogens have settled in and started doing damage. Another thing of note is that obviously there are pathogenicity factors that can make otherwise harmless bacteria pretty invasive, so that it is not purely a wrong strain in the wrong place issue.

I cannot speak for Ajb, but to me it seems he is arguing that the brain structures that are involved in religious behaviour (which, in turn may e.g. be tied to creativity and imagination) are providing a selective advantage. Not particular beliefs themselves.

I am not sure what the discussions is supposed to be about, however the oldest verified person (Jeanne Calment) was 122 years when she died. There is a large science community dedicated to understand the process of aging and while progress has been made it is not clear whether it is reversible, considering that it is so closely tied to general metabolism and cell cycle control. I am also not sure what you mean with the being afraid part.

Considering that Op did not mention further sample prep, I think it is safe to assume that we have an optical microscope image.

Note that this is only a ~300 kB chromosome of yeast (and again using similar principles of synthesis and stitching as before).

It is interesting that white people feel to be the loser in cases of affirmative action. However, according to various studies I read it appears that the actual real life impact is fairly low. I.e. the admission composition of ethnicity would barely change without affirmative action (not that it matters much as . The only group that would increase significantly were Asians. Similarly, the biggest group receiving financial support if form of grants and scholarship are disproportionately white (though it has been removed in a number of states anyway). So there is a distinct disparity between perception of opportunity and the financial reality. Also I would like to add that at least in STEM Masters and PhD are almost always paid by state or federal grants via their supervisor. Also there are countries who are providing quality secondary education for a fraction of the cost in the US/UK, but that is probably another discussion entirely.

If I understood correctly there are at least two elements to it. The first is about the actions. If what they do is only pretending, they are most likely not doing anything illegal. E.g. pretending to be engaged in underage drinking is certainly not illegal. The second pertains to publishing e.g. videos of these things. For broadcasting you typically need release forms. For other purposes it may depend privacy laws which vary from country to country. What you think in terms of approval are typically scientific studies. Here the regulations are typically not regulated by laws (again, with the exception of privacy and confidentiality laws) but they are mandated by a) the institution in which the research is conducted and b) funding agencies (which are typically governmental) and c) somewhat fuzzy but typically also somehow mandated by the research community. a) and b) requires similar or identical documentation and review by a board whereas c) assumes that your study has fulfilled ethical standards but typically does not have any enforcement. What it means is that if you conduct studies and humans without having approval but without breaching any laws (including privacy and confidentiality laws) the institute may decide to terminate your position and/or the funding agencies may discontinue funding. In addition, you may get banned or at least shunned from professional associations and your peers. However, you won't get charged in the court of law.

In the context of exposing minors to sexual acts it should also be noted that various elements of sexuality has changed significantly over time. For starters, "being of age" was often connected to reaching puberty and up until the mid 19th century ages of consent from 10-13 were deemed acceptable. It would be interesting to see how perception of actual sexual acts may or may not have changed. Another thing from the view of actors is that performing sexual acts also carries a certain vulnerability (similar to birth or defecation) so a taboo can also have arisen from the actors rather than from the observer side.

Also note that it is not a very efficient method of lysis.

Yes, it is commonly used as disinfectant. However, many cases it does not kill on contact, but can require a few minutes of incubation, depending on how resilient the buggers are.

Well, terpene synthases are located in the cytoplasm. Substrates can be located in cytoplasm (FPP) and plastids (GPP), respectively.

Well, true enough. What I was thinking about was more in terms of whether they could afford a moon base. I.e. if the economy as a whole is solid enough food vulnerability would not make other ventures impossible. If on the other hand famines were rampant (to provide the other extreme) matters would be different, of course.

In a global market having to import food is not the same as not being able to feed people. Edit, assuming this is a news article it would be great if the respective article is being linked or referenced.

I believe it is from a study in rats (or maybe mice) where they found a global imbalance in alelle expression. I cannot remember the reference but it was recent and I think Crowley, Zou and Sulivan were among the authors (was a whole bunch). I forgot the details though. As such there could be a difference between paternal and maternal contribution. However since it is only one study so far. quite more is needed to look at effects.

In the article it was also mentioned that it was found that doctors generally prescribed less pain medication to minority groups. Potentially as it was (wrongly and now perhaps ironically) assumed that they were more prone to drug abuse. I believe the study they were referring to (or at least one of them) is: Shah et al. Med care 2015 53:12 1000-9

Apparently drug overdose is the biggest killer not only in the middle-aged white male group, but also in the younger segment:Link

In both defiance of the gods carries a heavy penalty, though. Another interesting parallel is that the Roman adaptation of the Helleinistic tradition has incorporated legitimacy of the ruling class via religion, a similar logic used especially in the Christian culture.

There are loads of aromatic metabolites that are synthesized throughout the plant cell. Many enzymes are targeted to plastids, others are stored in vacuoles, some others may appear not to be targeted etc. It is just an extremely broad range of molecules you are referring to.

So, cancer?

That does not make it clearer. There are cross-influences between Hellenistic and Buddhist traditions, there are influences of ancient Egyptian in the Hebrew bible which. Obviously there are strong source connections between all the Abrahamistic traditions. Considering the history connecting these religions, how do you define ancient vs modern? Or do you merely mean those that do not have a large amount of followers anymore? But since you mentioned influences, this does not seem to be the case, no?

Indeed. Traditionally the Hellenistic religion is placed around 300 BC, I am not sure about the timeline of contemporary writings, but Abraham was supposed to be living around 2000 BC. From the viewpoint of OP would then Judaism be grouped to ancient religions? And while we are at it, what is the timeline? When we got contemporary writing on the respective religion? Or the first evidence of it being in an organized form? For that matter, when we use Hellenistic traditions as ancient, why is Buddhism grouped as "modern"? The founder was estimated to have died ~ 500 BC and the 1st Buddhist council has held shortly after. In fact there are claims that Hellenistic monarchs were in contact with Buddhist equivalents of missionaries. So by all accounts, if the Hellenistic tradition is ancient, so is Buddhism. And then what about Hinduism? The premise is somewhat confusing, but I think it is safe to say that it is also very wrong. That being said, the expression of religion and their influence on everyday life have obviously changed not only between religions, but also within with societal changes.

I would just take a look at the spec sheet, but I doubt that they have somehow added proof reading to the polymerase. And as hyper said, one base is way way below the resolution limit of agarose (but not acrylamide) gels.

I do not think that is the case. Take the 16s rRNA sequence from any bacteria, run against nt and you will only find bacterial hits.

Uh, there is something wrong if a bacterial isolate has a 18s rRNA... But other than that, do you have a specific question?

Note that blast links are only maintained for a limited amount of time. But it is not terribly surprising that using blast you could get hits to bacterial 16srRNA (which I assume is what you got). After all, the sequences are very conserved. However, if you are saying that if you blast bacterial sequences they are more similar than that of Geodia to bacteria then something is wrong. Is the bacterial sequence you used well annotated (or only partial, environmental isolate, etc?). Typically you would expect maybe around 15-25% deviation from the next best 18sRNA and maybe 1% from other bacterial sequences (roughly). Edit: crossposted