CharonY

Problem is that most LEDs are not terribly bright and it could be challenging to use it with a limitations of a coolpix. I also think they do not have hotshoes? A strobe would be a much better fix for macros (especially outdoors, also a hobby of mine). Alternatives would be getting the brightest LED(s) that you can find but chose a colour output that is compatible with your presets (many LEDs now feature a rough graph of their color temp). Most should have tungsten setting which is about 3200K (IIRC). Then, eliminate other light sources. The reason is that they create a colour cast if you dialed your light in as white). Add reflectors to minimize shadows (you can used aluminium foil for that, usually. If it is still too dark, a mini tripod can help. PNG is not that great either, while it does a lossless compression it still doing something to the files. Tiffs are better in that regard. But it is true that if you use jpg you should be certain to use file managing software (if you use them) that are non-destructive. There are some updated point and shooters that are not that expensive and have more options for that (and of course there systems with interchangeable lenses, but usually more pricey). Edit: I realized that photography is a very sciency hobby (especially if you are at least slightly gear-interested). I also realized that one of my favorite camera setups is actually not that expensive, it involves using a micro-four third camera (which is a mirrorless systems with interchangeable lenses, older systems are around 200 bucks used), an adapter (20 bucks) and a manual macro lense from the 80s (20 bucks).

But back on topic, many naturalist hobbies are closely related to branches of biology. Birding, insect collecting (not endangered ones, obviously), plant/ mushroom collecting etc.

I do not mind the eyes. But having anything even vaguely powdery close to expensive optics will make me go Hulk.

Don't. Do. That.

If I understand your question correctly, your insert is cloned in-frame with EcoRI from a lambdagt11 library? In that case, it depends how the phosphatase was cloned into the lambda vector. At most, you will get the 5'UTR of the mRNA, e.g. if it was amplified unidirectionally plus possible linker or adapter sequences. However, with targeted approaches you could start with the start codon, or even just with the part of interest. You would require a bit more info on how the vectors were constructed. Alternatively you could do restriction analyses (if budget is limited) to get an idea or just sequence it, depending on critical your application is.

1) I guess it all depends on the source, there are good and bad textbooks, too. I am not familiar with the topic or source, so cannot comment on them. Whether they will benefit you depends also on the foundation you have. The further you are, the easier it becomes to learn yourself. But especially at the beginning guidance can save a lot of time. 2) If you have specific questions, I am sure that people here (provided they know that topic) are quite helpful in assisting along. 3) There are different models implemented in different countries which different levels of access. In Germany, for example, higher education is virtually free (i.e. paid for by taxes). There, OpenEd is less of a hot topic (from what I gather) than e.g. in the US, where financing college can be a major fiscal decision. That being said, there is still uncertainty how to properly implement these approaches. On the other hand, this is true for education in general, we hardly have any real new developments or methods when it comes to education.

Or even just things like organizing workload into manageable chunks can limit procrastination. For example, right now I have scheduled for myself to work on a proposal.... darn.

To be fair, that would be the low-hanging fruit.

Naaaah. Can't be. Can it?

Well the mechanisms of radiotrophy is a bit under discussion. However, it only relates to energy production. For that there are many variations that may or may not be from photosynthetic sources. Typically, fungi are heterotrophs. I.e., independent on how they get energy, they still require an organic carbon source for growth. What is relevant to this question is a group of organism that is either able to fix inorganic carbon using non-photosynthetic energy or is able to utilize products of these organisms.

I think accepting the fact that you will be wrong quite often is a prerequisite to the learning process. You do not necessarily already need the insights to do this. Rather, general insights help you assessing how wrong you may be.

Well, it is not only an European thing, Turkey, Lebanon, Jordan, Iraq and Egypt have all more Syrian refugees. It is true that specifically the Gulf states do not appear to get involved much, though.

Could you define "vast majority"? Numbers that I have seen seem to point that somewhere around 40-50% are from war regions (though there are other types of refugees of course and with the largest group not from war regions being from the Balkans). I think you are conflating two elements. The first is that they do not stay in the first safe region. My question is, would you? Once you are out of immediate danger would you stop thinking about the future and be complacent being housed and fed with no obvious perspectives? The second aspect is the claim that the migrants are actually only there for the benefits. While I have read that often, it is not backed up by any data I could find. The questions are: do migrants prefer welfare over jobs? And if it is welfare they are after, do they really go to countries with the largest allowances? Now, during the processing (which can two years and used to be even longer) refugees obtain the equivalent of the subsistence limit of the respective countries. So basically there is little incentive to choose a country based on that. Now, the next question for any ambitious welfare moocher is where can I get the most benefit after asylum is granted. Now this is actually even trickier as the actual benefits will differ quite a bit on how long you worked in a given country. But there are a lot of different schemes that may provide additional benefits (i.e. for clothing or furniture) that may be present in one, but absent in another. That being said, looking at OECD values in terms cash benefits as percentage of GDP, Germany is in the middle of the pack (3.8%), whereas Belgium (8.2) and Denmark (7.9) spend less. Nonetheless Germany sees a disproportionate amount of applications. To find the eligible cash equivalent is actually non-trivial but solely looking at benefits, there is little reason to favor Germany that much. Maybe it is, not the main reason for choosing a country after all?

Why do you think that it should decrease?

IIRC the conversion factors are based on an old paper from Warburg (40s-50s) on enolase. The values are reasonably close to BSA (~1.5, I think) so that it is still in common use as a rough estimate. If done accurately you would derive factors for each of your proteins of interest, but typically UV is used to get rough estimates, anyway. A more precise method involves using factors based on quantity of aromatic AAs in your protein.

I thought something was different. I assumed it was the glasses.

..... what the heck did I miss?

Traditionally isolates are considered to be the same species within ~ 70% similarity using DNA-DNA hybridization. E. coli is a species and of course there will be members with different DNA composition, just as any two humans will have differences, yet belong to the same species. Speciation is indeed faster in bacteria but if they accumulate sufficient changes (i.e. by convention above the threshold value) they would considered different species. Note that the the line between species in bacteria is even more arbitrary than in other organisms. Also, as a consequence of more DNA sequencing numerous bacterial species have been reclassified.

How do you define "order of evolution"?

For high temps silicon and mineral oils are well suited, but are really only necessary if you keep the bath at high temps for long times (high throughput PCRs are often used in these baths kept at denaturing temps). Most ethylene glycol mixtures are suited up to 100 C, which is generally enough for melting experiments. However, in lab courses I know people doing denaturation at 95C simply with water. It depends a bit on the desired throughput and accuracy.

No, there are many more factors in play that renders a plant perennial. Just because it becomes sterile it would not be able to suddenly change its physiology.

But that is the point of posturing, isn't it? Israel does not need to, as it has the military superiority.

Well, he never had any position per se, he was just a grad student in chemical engineering.

From what I understand it seems to me that for an ideal political discourse the participants should have the information that allows them to make fact-based decisions. Thus, it would be beneficial to have access to education for as many people as possible to enable support of policies that may actually enable a given desired outcome. I.e. it would emancipate the voters from the politician's (and lobbyists) rhetoric, so to say. Of course there are also many matters that are so complex that even the best models would be at best speculative. It does not mean that uneducated should not vote. But rather it would be in their best interest to figure out whether their vote would actually result in what they hope to achieve. Either that or I need more coffee.

Also, it should be noted that the nonsense from this student should not be seen as the standard of the whole University (as already noted). In fact the University issued a statement: Also there a handful of publications out there from the University that are some decently cited (though far from class-leading). Or in other words, crackpots are everywhere and they should not be considered representative of a given population. If that was the case, imagine what SFN would be considered to be...