CharonY

The relative fitness is the important bit here. If you have low selective pressures it still means that over time those with even slight advantages will be more prevalent. It extends the timeline, though. The main issue is of course that if talk about diversity we cannot simply use a simple one-dimensional approach focusing exclusively on selection as drivers. If you inspect biodiversity at any time point it is relevant whether the selective force has been present for a long time, or whether it is something that arose recently, for example. It is well known that changes in the environment can lead to rapid evolutionary responses (e.g. by opening new, or closing off ecological niches). Well-studied recent examples include invasive species such as can toads and how the invasive species themselves but also the native species change due to adaptive as well as non-adaptive processes. See e.g. Shine 2011, Evol Appl. 5:2

I am not even sure about the tech savvy part. Similar to earlier generations it is true for a certain sub groups (which may or may not be larger than the last generation), but what I noticed is that many are rather used to simple tech solutions (simplified software, googling answers etc.). I think tech actually got easier and people have to deal less with workarounds or need to know less about certain fundamentals to get things to run. As a consequence, it seems to me that younger people actually give up faster when trying to troubleshoot or solving tech-related problems. Of course there are still coders and real tech-fanatics, but I am not sure that I see more of them. But maybe it is indeed me getting old. I should add that there is the added of issue that job prospects are pretty bad for the last years so those entering the work force likely have to work harder for the same result. I think that in at least some cases being overwhelmed by this task can be misunderstood as entitlement.

Same here, except I do not have the luxury of a super-computer facility (just got a few servers with Tesla GPUs). In addition to sequence data, MS is even worse but also for the analysis of high-resolution microscopic images (especially time series).

Yes they do and to some degree during tissue regeneration also in adults. I think OP is confusing cell membranes with tissue. Also, stem cells are more likely to end up in lumen leaking out from blood rather than vice versa.

Eh, stem cells are cells. They are as large as other cells. How would a cell pass through a wall of intestinal cells (you are aware that our bowels are lined/formed by cells)? Also cells contain lots of molecules, so they are always larger than them.

I think the problem Europe has is that for the most part they have a protectionist view of their heritage (typically summarized under the fuzzy concept of culture) with a xenophobic undertone. I.e. if "they" come in they will dilute "us" (with they being what is currently assumed to be foreign and us). As such, integration has always been a bit of an issue in many parts as it is tricky to be accepted as part of the native population. I found countries that are more accepting of immigration (such as USA or Canada) do be easier feel comfortable in and feel to be a part of. Despite the fact that the situation for asylum seeker is quite different (e.g. there is typically no official path to apply for asylum in many countries, IIRC) it creates the same issues. Moreover, there is also a disconnect as shown in OP what a refugee is and what they want. Many seem to have the idea of starving people bombed out of their huts and are outraged that those that arrive do not conform to that image and may even have cell phones! You have just imagine the situation if your country has been in a civil war, what would you take with you. Typically those with some more resources make it all the way to Europe and of course they will have means of communication and money. The reasons is, as already mentioned is that refugees are not only trying to survive. Typically they want their life back, which may be running a small (or large) shop or having some form of employment, not spending years in a camp. Failing that, they try to set up a new life elsewhere. I know that if I was fleeing war I would try to do that. Of course there are potential people living off welfare (though if they did go through perilous paths towards asylum at least they are motivated), but similar to all the reports on welfare abusers they are probably far less than people think.

First of all, none of the following should be taken as medical advice, just as basic microbiological info. One should distinguish between bacteria and viruses as the infection processes are quite different. Viruses can be inactive and asymptomatic for a long time after infection. A common example is the Varicella zoster virus that causes chickenpox in children, then can stay dormant until it may result in shingle in the adult. In-between, there will not be any irregularities in the bloodwork. In order to detect it, you would have to search specifically for antibodies against that virus. For bacteria this is rarer, but some have dormancy states or otherwise extremely slow turnover (prime example is Myxobacter tuberculosis) which may be present, but asymptomatic for a long time. But it is generally true in order to have symptoms, there must be an outbreak of sorts, which in these examples would be shingles or pneumonia, respectively. In fact, there is a whole range of chronic infections which can be almost non-symptomatic and have various degrees of progression (or lack thereof). A systemic infection is independent from the whole matter. I just means that it affects the whole body. Obviously serious local infections can also result in symptoms up and including organ failure. What can happen is that chronic infections are the source for occasional breakouts. But again, it would require medical tests in order to sustain this and I would be very careful to use internet sources to self-diagnose.

There is no standard progression for the various forms of cancer, and even for one particular form it can vary massively between individuals. I am no medical specialist so I won't speculate on what happened to your father, I can only extend my condolences. Quite a bit is dependent on what complications may occur and where metastases go to. Cardiac metastasis is rare as a result of lung cancer (to my limited knowledge) but can result in sudden death. If anything, lung cancer is associated with a wide variety of potential causes of death (see e.g. Nichols et al. Arch Pathol Lab Med—Vol 136, 2012).

Also note that a) preservatives are very diverse in nature (sugar and sodium chloride are also preservatives, for example) and b) monosodium glutamate (which, btw. has not been found to be detrimental in any studies) is not a preservative. All of the mentioned are also present in unprocessed food, obviously.

In Germany wearing certain types of uniform (such as police uniforms, but also clerical garbs) in public can be punished, if there is a chance of confusing it with the real deal. Costume parties in private are fine, however, carnivals can be an issue. Nazi uniforms are legal, if they do not contain specific insignia such as swastikas or if the there is a context that clearly demonstrates no incitement to hatred (such as e.g. art installations, theater or equivalent).

Lenses are generally considered the major investment (compared to the bodies). So the line of lenses you are interested in can be a major decision factor. I have to admit that I am partial to mirrorless cameras, however, as I do like vintage lenses (and the flexibility it offers over DSLRs).

I would recommend to take a look at the material and methods section. It will be outlined there.

Also, I think the question was for long-term investments, so getting out in the short term would be less of an issue.

Because it is very inefficient even at relative high concentrations. Ethanol does not intercalate well into membranes as other chaotropic agents, if that is what you imagine. It does not mean that it does not do some cell damage though that ultimately may induce apoptosis in some cells (though the question is rather vague in that aspect).

As John said, a decent study will adjust for these variables, but there are also specialized researchers (i.e. statisticians) that are typically part of these studies.

Problem is that most LEDs are not terribly bright and it could be challenging to use it with a limitations of a coolpix. I also think they do not have hotshoes? A strobe would be a much better fix for macros (especially outdoors, also a hobby of mine). Alternatives would be getting the brightest LED(s) that you can find but chose a colour output that is compatible with your presets (many LEDs now feature a rough graph of their color temp). Most should have tungsten setting which is about 3200K (IIRC). Then, eliminate other light sources. The reason is that they create a colour cast if you dialed your light in as white). Add reflectors to minimize shadows (you can used aluminium foil for that, usually. If it is still too dark, a mini tripod can help. PNG is not that great either, while it does a lossless compression it still doing something to the files. Tiffs are better in that regard. But it is true that if you use jpg you should be certain to use file managing software (if you use them) that are non-destructive. There are some updated point and shooters that are not that expensive and have more options for that (and of course there systems with interchangeable lenses, but usually more pricey). Edit: I realized that photography is a very sciency hobby (especially if you are at least slightly gear-interested). I also realized that one of my favorite camera setups is actually not that expensive, it involves using a micro-four third camera (which is a mirrorless systems with interchangeable lenses, older systems are around 200 bucks used), an adapter (20 bucks) and a manual macro lense from the 80s (20 bucks).

But back on topic, many naturalist hobbies are closely related to branches of biology. Birding, insect collecting (not endangered ones, obviously), plant/ mushroom collecting etc.

I do not mind the eyes. But having anything even vaguely powdery close to expensive optics will make me go Hulk.

Don't. Do. That.

If I understand your question correctly, your insert is cloned in-frame with EcoRI from a lambdagt11 library? In that case, it depends how the phosphatase was cloned into the lambda vector. At most, you will get the 5'UTR of the mRNA, e.g. if it was amplified unidirectionally plus possible linker or adapter sequences. However, with targeted approaches you could start with the start codon, or even just with the part of interest. You would require a bit more info on how the vectors were constructed. Alternatively you could do restriction analyses (if budget is limited) to get an idea or just sequence it, depending on critical your application is.

1) I guess it all depends on the source, there are good and bad textbooks, too. I am not familiar with the topic or source, so cannot comment on them. Whether they will benefit you depends also on the foundation you have. The further you are, the easier it becomes to learn yourself. But especially at the beginning guidance can save a lot of time. 2) If you have specific questions, I am sure that people here (provided they know that topic) are quite helpful in assisting along. 3) There are different models implemented in different countries which different levels of access. In Germany, for example, higher education is virtually free (i.e. paid for by taxes). There, OpenEd is less of a hot topic (from what I gather) than e.g. in the US, where financing college can be a major fiscal decision. That being said, there is still uncertainty how to properly implement these approaches. On the other hand, this is true for education in general, we hardly have any real new developments or methods when it comes to education.

Or even just things like organizing workload into manageable chunks can limit procrastination. For example, right now I have scheduled for myself to work on a proposal.... darn.

To be fair, that would be the low-hanging fruit.

Naaaah. Can't be. Can it?

Well the mechanisms of radiotrophy is a bit under discussion. However, it only relates to energy production. For that there are many variations that may or may not be from photosynthetic sources. Typically, fungi are heterotrophs. I.e., independent on how they get energy, they still require an organic carbon source for growth. What is relevant to this question is a group of organism that is either able to fix inorganic carbon using non-photosynthetic energy or is able to utilize products of these organisms.