CharonY

While true, considering the age demographics a minority of the current population would have personal experience with the second, either (assuming an age of ~10 to have actually some significant pre-revolution memories less than a third of the population from 2011, where I found census data would have been that age or older in 1979). Thus the majority of the population would only know it from historic contexts. And that one was tainted due to the fact that his installment was based on foreign powers. Though the lead-up to Mossadegh's election would have been the most relevant time, as there the democratic movement was arguably at its peak. Depending on who you talk to, the view of Iranians with regard to their history is quite complicated. Especially among the more modern folk it seems that in historic context they liked the initiated modernization under daddy Shah, but more important to them was the opening of the political system. Even the politics of his son was seen somewhat positive (even including parts of the white revolution) but it is acknowledged that he become more and more despotic and he is also somewhat despised due to his reliance on foreign powers. As a parallel line to the modernization there is also the nationalistic movement to consider, which focuses on the Persian identity and the right for self-determination and democratization, which ended with deposing Mossaddegh. You would be surprised how knowledgeable some Iranians are with regards to their history and what nuanced views they have. But it obviously depends on who you talk to. actually liked the modernization and considere

Which one? In either case, chances are that answers would differ depending on which portion of the populace you ask.

Well, if you mean bacteria in general, that is very broad. If you mean specifically wastewater, it depends on the precise condition (e.g. aerobic portion, anaerobic, effluent, sludge, type of sewage etc.). Basically bacteria are capable to produce all compounds of biological origin, including gases such as O2, CO2, CH4, C2H4, H2S, N2, H2 and so on. You would really need to lock down on specifics if you want to know what could be happening at any given point.

I quickly looked it up and it seems that a) these rebates are province-dependent and b) in those cases I looked at it is more a distinction between hybrids (low kwH) and full electric cars. At least the Leaf seems to be eligible for the maximum rebate in most (if not all) cases. The lower limit seems to be ~7kwH, i.e. the range of many hybrids. The Nissan Leaf has 24 kWH, the Smart around 18kWh so it is clearly not limited to sports cars. The Tesla has a much larger capacity but does not get more rebates (that I can find).

The subsidies are for electric vehicles in general, not only the Tesla so I am not seeing it as an issue. There just happened to be a luxury car in that class. However, even cheaper E-cars are more expensive than their gasoline counterpart and the that subsidy can offset that to a degree. The way it is stated in OP it appears that it is about financing luxury cars. Rather, the discussion should be whether promoting electric cars is a good idea (whereas the Tesla as an example is more of a diversion). One aspect to consider is that EVs, or rather electric motors, are more efficient in energy conversion than the traditional combustion engine. Whether the net pollution is better or worse (when factoring in manufacturing) I do not know.

Check the step from 2-phosphoglycerate to PEP.

Though the offending officer would supposedly also wear one.

Well, it really depends. The enlightenment period coincided to some degree with colonization ambitions and there was a significant overlap in terms of racist and similar sentiments among enlightenment philosophers. In fact, racism (i.e. defining quality of human populations based on certain traits) is a fairly modern concept. Looking at texts from Roman times, for example the loyalties are defined culturally, with little distinction or referring to biological traits (such as skin colour) as we are accustomed to (again, I guess, a byproduct of school of thoughts that coincided with colonization, but that is only my guess, I have not actually dug into literature for that). That being said, there is a deeply biological element to altruism and reciprocity that we find in a number of animals but also in children. Note that biological also means a certain degree of learning, as while spontaneous altruistic behaviour is observed in a number of animals (including human) they can be reinforced (or discouraged) by the behaviour the individual encounters.

Just wondering, wouldn't this be better suited for the speculations forum?

There are so many around, I guess it depends what has been covered in your course so far. A few parameters to think about: pI, charge, hydrophobicity, mw (already partially covered). There are a few techniques which allow pretty decent separation of all of them in one workflow.

Yeah, there is not a lot in terms of raw data (compared to other analytical techniques) that I could think of. The closest is probably size determination. Once one does certain quantitative methods, such as QPCR the data is still fairly simple, but normalization tends to be the challenge. Once you understand what the steps are, it is really a procedure which could be performed while being asleep (or being really drunk).

I suggest "Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual" as a read. One of the best books for that.

Significant amount of bacteria in your bloodstream, regardless of whether they are pathogenic or not is bad news. At minimum it will trigger widespread immune responses/inflammation (sepsis).

That is certainly true. I guess a faculty position is a bit of a mix (supposed to be expert and supervisory role) but also includes administrative duties. Sure, the latter seem like trivial tasks, way lower in complexity than, say, solving a scientific problem. But I'll be damned if this does not lead me to underestimate the time commitment for these tasks (and as a result I get yelled at by admin on a regular basis....). Probably being preoccupied with a certain set of problems makes one to smooth over the difficulties (if "only" in time management) that other non-technical tasks require.

To be fair, I am not even sure what you want to discuss. I am just providing info on what is generally already known....

There are quite a few papers out there, off the top of my head they had looked into that in fruit flies, hamsters, slime mould and algae. Different pathways, too. I do not think that the link above is actually looking at the mechanisms, though.

The inheritance is mostly not governed by the mitochondrium itself but by its host cells.

Also to some extent applicable is the Dunning-Kruger effect. Specifically in expert areas supervisors are likely to be non-experts and will have issue in evaluating their own competence. If they are micro-managers, that it will be an issue.

I am not sure what your main hypothesis is, but data so far suggest that heteroplasmy may be deleterious.

Well, it is not terribly tricky, at best slightly on the expensive side. But even if you see higher mutation rate it does not necessarily explain why maternal is favored. As I mentioned, in some organisms, which are isogamous (i.e. the gametes are physiologically similar or the same) also uniparental inheritance can be observed. It could be a contributing factor, or it is just a side effect of some other mechanism. To the best of my knowledge (which is admittedly limited) we simply do not know. In general, mitochondrial mutation rate is rather high and there may be certain selective features in there. In this respect dilution becomes more interesting again, as under stringent conditions (to minimize mixtures of mitochondria, or heteroplasmy) only few are likely to survive. The dilution effect is something that is well known to happen in bacteria with respect to plasmid propagation, and I suspect a similar logic. There are estimates somewhere that put sperm mtDNA at a higher mutation rate, though this could be muddied by the high proliferation rate. But again, this alone does not seem to explain why homoplasmy is preferred. As a counterpoint it is as likely that it is due to the presence of the molecular apparatus (maybe linked to sexual reproduction in general) that maintains it. An interesting link is that in mouse either homoplasmic (paternal or maternal) were apparently normal, but heteroplasmic ones were not (Sharpley et al. Cell 2012). So one could speculate that the cell needs to maintain homoplasmy (for some reasons) and since the maternal cell carries most of the proteins, the apparatus may favor its own.

I am not sure how genome comparison would yield specific insights as outlined in OP. Or maybe I am missing something here. I am also not sure about the reasoning in the first part, you mean why the degradation pathways exist? The latter is a rather new finding that put the dilution hypothesis (that has been around for quite a while) in question. I do not understand what that means.

There are two basic hypotheses regarding maternal inheritance of mitochondria. Note that selection is not a necessary factor here. In the dilution hypothesis as outlined above it is a sheer numbers game. It is quite possible that this is merely down to the fact that sperm cannot or need not contain as many mitochondria as oocytes. However, in some animal models evidence for a second, mechanism, the active degradation of paternal mitochondria have been gathered. Different mechanisms have been identified ranging from mammals to slime mold. In biology the why question is quite dangerous. It is always attractive to speculate some evolutionary mechanisms somewhere, but often it is incredibly hard to find specific evidence. It then becomes too easy to build up narratives that make intuitive sense, but are not supported but actual data. For instance, it makes sense to speculate that during the swimming stage higher oxidative stress causes DNA damage. But then it does not explain why uniparental inheritance exist in isagamous organisms such as Physarum. Or one could speculate some competition between mitochondria, where the inequal distribution of gamete size and composition leads to the the maternal one winning out. But again, without further data they will remain speculative narratives.

Did they do mass-screening pre-Fukushima?

Yeah, no. It would require the government to secretly have access to a scifi level advancements unknown to scientists. Extremely unlikely and bordering to conspiracy theory.

In addition to what swansont said, the issue is that we are dealing with an incomplete dataset. I.e. we have partial dependent (resampled part of the set) as well as independent data. A proper analysis would have to take that into account. Note that so far no approach has been suggested, much less provided. But if OP had proposed a statistical test, it would have been easy to demonstrate why the assumptions are violated. Unless, of course a proper method for incomplete sets such as proposed by Choi and Stablein (1982), although one would need more information on the dataset, such as, e.g. how many repeat samples the set contained. A comparison with a set outside of Fukushima would only make sense if the same proportion of the population had been screened (also a point in the Lancet paper). I also echo the request for publications. I believe that I actually saw one, but IIRC it was a rather limited data set but now I am not even sure whether it was a proper paper at all (as I cannot find it).