CharonY

This is news to me. to you have a reference? Hong Kong and some other territories have picked it up, but mainland China would be a big surprise to me. The single largest country with English as official language is, to my knowledge, India.

In this context it is interesting to note that newspeak is a very reduced language aimed at the limitation of expression and forcing specific thought patterns. A constantly and freely evolving language would be almost the opposite to that.

Richet discovered anaphylaxis but his work never explained (and to date we do not know) why it occurs in certain individuals. Again, if the mechanism would work as you described, everyone would be allergic to all foods as the micro lesions in our gums would expose us to food proteins almost all the time. The real question is what leads to sensitization (and again, the exposure is only the trigger that has to work in conjunction with something else). If that is not shown, highlighting Richet's work is nothing more than an appeal to authority. Vaccine safety is important of course, but generally it is better to figure out where real problems and concentrate on strong links rather than speculations. Especially since no strong study exist to show that such a mechanistic link exists in the first place. One thing some are investigating is whether adjuvants can mediate immune responses in a negative way, but again, the links are so weak that it is unclear if any changes would really have any benefits whatsoever. The only strong data point we have are those that iNow highlighted. I.e. that vaccines do protect against diseases. For the others more studies are needed, though existing ones generally fail to find a link.

I find it disingenuous that you edited a cop/paste of a wikipedia article to make it appear as if food proteins automatically sensitize the immune system. The article highlights the process what happens IF sensitization, by whatever source occurs. The important point that is neglected by OP is that not everyone has allergies and the actual causes are far from known. What is clear is that simple exposure is insufficient (otherwise we would basically react to everything), but rather genetic links appear to be relevant as well environmental factor (as explored by the hygiene hypothesis, for example). Can vaccines trigger allergies? Certainly. Can they sensitize a person with a disposition? Yes just like any exposure can. Do they cause it? Certainly not directly via a simple molecular link as OP implies. One potential way is that certain vaccines may increase responsiveness to histamines, but these results are not well reproduced (and thus hint at a genetic basis for whatever may have happened). Another is again the hygiene hypothesis, i..e. vaccinated children have a lower infection burden and that may lead to higher rates of sensitization. Again, the studies are not terribly conclusive (and thus indicating that more complex factors are involved). Some studies did manage to correlate vaccinations with allergies, but many do not, the usual issue with epidemiological data. One issue is of course that allergies are still a relative rare event in the cohorts, i.e. most children are vaccinated, but only a very small sub-set actually develops allergies, whereas control groups of non-vaccinated children tend to be outliers of sorts (e.g. in isolated rural areas). One study found a weak correlation, but only in a sub-group children that rarely visit physicians. Those with more regular care showed no differences (McKeever et al. Am J Public Health. 2004).

I have seen those before. Absolutely fantastic and many beat the average instagram.

No. But that is because I secured a position that requires a PhD (in academia). The answer is will depend a lot on what the goals of the respective person is and in what position he/she ends up in. E.g. if you do not manage to get a tenured position in academia (over 80% of PhDs) you may still get a job in the market that requires one. I would think you would mostly regret it only if a) you hate the job you end up with or b) end up in a job that has no PhD requirement to begin with Relative to what? The PhD time itself was certainly not monetarily rewarding. The subsequent post-doc time was tough (a lot of moving that ate into money). Also up to the point where you are tenured you do not have a lot of stability (most postdoc positions are terms of 1-2 years). It is going to be tough if you have a family or intend to do have one. Potentially. I got decent citations on a number of my publications, including from my PhD time. But from that time there was nothing truly groundbreaking (nor did I expect it to be). Actually I was probably less specialized than my peers, I branched out fairly wide during my PhD and continued what could be considered multidisciplinary work throughout my postdoc time. And for what it is worth, it was fun. Being less specialized made it very easy for me to find postdoc positions, but made it hard to find a faculty position. Whether it was worth it depends highly on what you want to get out of it. If the question is something that intrigues you, it may be worth it on a personal level. If the area is something that scores you a job and that is your goal, it may be too. If it is an obscure topic that you do not like and does not open doors, probably not. For me personally I would have said a few years ago that I should have specialized. But now I got one of the rare jobs where it was finally an advantage. So my personal answer would have changed over time. Unless the job is something that has similar intellectual challenges to what I am doing today, probably not. Also, I am not good with using free time. This is actually not necessarily true. It may depend on university but most people I know/knew were on yearly contracts Moreover, depending on funding situation many faculty do not have the money for 4 years per student banked. Rather, they may have funding for two years for a student and then have to get funding for more after that. In the German and I believe also the Dutch system professors often have negotiated permanent positions in their group that they can allocate to students. But most have more students and rely on soft money, too. Whether you will have independence will depend a lot on your supervisor. Though I would agree that in a company you will have more restrictions.

Citation needed. Also, how did we survive until now and what types of antibiotics do all the other mammals use?

A couple of the questions are unclear to me. What does shopping mean, for instance? I would assume that pretty much everyone has to go grocery shopping, unless you are able to grow food yourself. With regards to dating, does going out with one's significant other count? Do you mean movies with or about scientists ?

It is still a rather obvious hint I will give you one answer, your assumption is wrong. It is not mouse. RNA polymerase does not initiate transcription (other enzymes are involved initiation), but it does the actual transcription. According to the opening question, if you look at the enzymes listed, do you see something missing?

DNA-dependent RNA polymerase

Well, quick answers generally do not help in understanding the subject as evidenced here (you are still missing crucial elements that you need to know to derive the answer), but you are certainly welcome.

Think more carefully, especially in terms of what what is present in the test tube. What do you need from to go from DNA to mRNA? And again, check what is already there...

Well from your answer I gather that you are not quite familiar with the whole process of protein biosynthesis. You have to thing your way through from DNA to protein and see where the bits and pieces come together. Hint: read up transcription. Thinking in rough terms such as instructions obscure the mechanisms behind it and won't allow you to understand the process.

Well, sounds like homework, so let me ask you this: if you have a polypeptide, how would you know of which origin it is? Based on that, what is the proximate element that determines it? How far is DNA away from that point and what is needed for your answer to be true?

While it is understandable that they may not like that US-agencies are using their data, the European intelligence services also do similar things. At the very least foreign calls made in Germany are (officially since 1994) routinely screened and were sometimes freely shared with the police. Though after a court ruling they were only allowed to do so if there was suspicion of criminal intent. While the scope is limited to calls into foreign countries, i would not be surprised if they also got more. in addition, many intelligence agencies in Europe still have strong ties to the US agencies (cold war and everything..), so I am kind of inclined to believe that most parties already know about it and that this is more a political move.

Several of the pockets appear to be damaged (have to be careful when pulling the comb out and do not poke the gel when you load it), Considering the quality of the gels I would also renew the buffer and make doubly sure that the agarose was completely dissolved before pouring.

Unfortunately the translation from genetic information to phenotype is not quite as simple and I would like to start off that I am only speculating here, as I have no expertise knowledge on this specific subject. But in principle it depends a lot on the type of deletion and how the system is regulated. For example, a single copy does not have to result in reduced biochemical activity as it could be compensated by higher expression. What does happen in cases where a copy is silenced or truncated (depends also a lot on where the deletion is) is that regulation could be disrupted. Thus the phenotype could be much more complex than a reduction in cholin transport efficiency, for example. And even if that was the case it does not necessarily mean that nutrient supplement could remedy it as the whole regulation of choline metabolism/conversion/signaling is quite complex. I would ask a specialist in the medical field whether there are things to improve brain health as the simple reasoning is not likely accurate enough to provide good intervention strategies.

The precise procedure should be indicated in the paper. One assay I am familiar with amyloid beta deposits (if that is what you are referring to) involves the extraction in organic solvent and subsequent Western or MS identification/quantification. Histological assays are generally more involved and are more dependent on the expertise of the experimenter.

Short answer: it would not work. The specific enzymes are relatively finely tuned towards the respective metal they are incorporating. The copper in hemocyanin cannot be easily replaced with iron and the same goes for hemoglobin and copper. The closest in terms of ion radius to iron would be manganese and it has been shown that in vitro some ferro-enzymes to incorporate Mn and it also sometimes happen in vitro in prokaryotic cell cultures. Certain enzyemes still exhibit activity, but usually at quite a low rate (and a certain amount of iron is still necessary for survival). There are certain bacteria (to date only to genera are known to my knowledge) that can live without iron, apparently by using manganese, but they are specialists in this regard.

As I said, it depends highly on the nutritional situation. Tap water varies highly, but rat studies have shown that feeding water that has less than 75 mg total dissolved solids electrolyte for a longer time apparently disrupts mineral homeostasis (see Schumann et al. Vet and Hum Tox 1993) . This was also the case despite being on a otherwise sufficient diet and similar effects were observed in humans (see e.g. Med Mo Pharm1993; 16: 146., in German, unfortunately, but I believe there was a position paper of the WHO about this subject). The point is not that it provides insufficient nutrients, but rather that with a (barely) sufficient diet and/or situations where electrolyte loss is already occuring high amount of low-mineral water can push people towards deficiency and disrupt mineral homeostasis. The negative consequences are usually only temporary and thus rarely lead to pronounced health effects, though (I cannot recall whether there were ever studies longer than a year on this matter). Finally, it should be noted that for certain minerals drinking water could be actually quite significant source for some populations as some studies indicate (Rubenowitz et al. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1998; Galan et al Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 102 (11) (2002), pp. 1658–1662). Acute effects such as water intoxication is usually only found after excessive fluid consumption after heavy exercise. In this case very low TDS water did not do much of a difference as compared to low-med TDS water. I.e. higher salt intake becomes necessary. As usual, when it comes to dietary concerns ymmv.

Acidic extraction of histones is mostly done to precipitate proteins and components other than histones as they are quite soluble under low pH (often followed by a TCA precipitation). I.e. it is used to enrich histones. Lysis is independent of it and depends largely of the type of cells (though sonication and, as mentioned, mechanic lysis are among the most universal principles). There are quite a few protocols out there fore nuclear proteins and I believe high-salt extraction has also been employed for histones successfully (see von Holt et al. Methods Enzymol 1989)

Well purified water is known to induce diuresis and electrolyte loss. Of course during normal nutritional situations the effects should be pretty low to non-existent. But if you are in situation where electrolyte loss is occurring (such as during heavy sweating), it could become an issue.

Analysis of ion channels on single neurons is routinely carried out using patch-clamp techniques. The resolution with modern equipment allows you to isolate areas of roughly a single ion channel. These generally require the isolation of tissues or individual cells, as far as I know.

Distilled water has barely any taste at all, most of the things you actually taste are stuff that got into the water, depending on source and storage of water. That being said, highly purified water is not really that healthy as you may lose minerals. But unless it is contaminated with something there is no good reason why water should make you feel sick, especially as strong reaction as you described. More likely is that you got something else and you associate it with water consumption, for example.

Depends on what you would classify as nanotech but the use of nanomaterials in all kinds of household goods including personal care products is quite widespread already.