CharonY

one possibility, though it usually is not a smear, unless you expect many bands (that are badly resolved in the wrongly concentrated gel).

Actually you are already halfway through the correct answer. In short, it is the distinction between naturally occuring and codogenic (or proteinogenic) amino acids. Sometimes they are used interchangeably (wrongly imo).

Taxonomically the answer would be members of the order of carnivora. Note that this group is based on phylogeny, and not really diet. In common use or in non-taxonomical use, it can usually refers to an organism that feeds on animals.

Not irrelevant as it an important component of population development, obviously. But regarding the OP I would think that a lot of influence of human actions on changing ecological systems are evident, however a) earth as a whole ecosystem is anything but fragile. If it was it would have not survived the massive changes in its system during its history. Almost any scenario with the demise of the earth due to human action would be a very anthropocentric viewpoint.

There may be trillions of reasons and this gives not enough information to do any troubleshooting. Basically each component or wrong application of the technique (amples, probes, gel, blot, hybridization, signal detection) can lead to streaking.

Putting a large amount of foreign objects into your bloodstream, especially living organisms is an patently silly idea. Akin to load up your stomach with blunt knives (you know, just not to cut yourself) in order to help digesting large whole-swallowed chunks of food because, you know, chewing is so boring.

Unfortunately I only familiar with setting up labs in academic settings (in which rules apply that may or may not be required for private labs). For general laboratory safety regulations you may want to look at OSHA and see if it applies, also the information from CDC may be relevant. For specific information you may want to see guidance from the A2LA.

Well, to be fair, all biochemical reactions are stochastic to some extent, depending on a variety of factors. But the OP is using probability in a different context, of course. Also note that selective factors significantly shape the probability landscape. Moreover one has to consider that these reactions did not happen one after the other, but an enormous amount of reactions were happening all around the earth simultaneously. And still it too a few billion years before the first life arose.

An interesting article that touches on many aspects of the famine in the Horn of Africa http://english.aljaz...8844125460.html

Research in abiogenesis is most likely to focus on reproducing the conditions in laboratory conditions rather than looking for it in nature. Even if there were organic molecules that may have been precursors of life, they would be rapidly utilized by the lifeforms that exist now. Thus, the likelihood of abiogenesis still to occur is extremely low.

I think the most costly aspect in addition to the usual lab equipment may be a suitable location to set the lab up and, if needed, to make changes. Costs that come up in addition to the pure lab things (that I presume you are familiar with) include the accreditation itself, of course, compliance with biosafety regulations, waste disposal, to name a few aspects. I am not familiar with the detailed requirements and do not know how much it differs from a standard non-accredited test lab, though. It is kind of strange that you have to set up a lab out of your pocked for a job, though.

So, you are saying that the advice should include time-travelling instructions?

Well, the dye is pH sensitive at pH below 2 (I think) it becomes yellow and often very hard to see. And yes, the next question is whether you manage to stain proteins.

Because they have adapted to do so. For details why it happened see post #9.

Hum, is that the complete question? Normally I would assume it is the indicator of cell number, e.g. for indirect cell estimation assays. Edit: moved to homework.

Got it in one, Padren. Edit: I should also add that people do not get their posting rights revoked due to the content, or even due to the lack of understanding topics. Usually the use of fallacies and goalpost moving are considered offenses since they do not allow a proper discussion and are more often than not just a form of soapboxing. Note that if this was the only thread it would have not such an impact, but it was clearly one in a series of similar threads that basically all are built around a number of fallacies.

It is a matter of context. i would have to read the whole passage, but from what it appears in a developmental context it is the projection of the nerve that defines the direction, not the direction in which the AP is going to travel. So your interpretation makes perfect sense in that context.

Wait, you actually took the pictures? Brilliant.

It depends on the focus of the textbook, I presume. Most distinguish between afferent and efferent pathways, though.

Because as a rule of thumb, most microbes are more resilient against environmental stresses than, say, mammalian cells. Almost everything that kills them will harm you, too. Antibiotics are the exception, which are highly effective in killing bacteria although they have quite some harmful side effects. In addition it is a concentration problem. In many cases infections are within your body, so in order for the chemicals to reach the bacteria you have to expose your body to a lot of these potentially harmful chemicals.

I still think that the choice of words was somewhat poor. At the beginning he basically equates black culture (whatever that is) with gangsta culture (nihilistic, materialistic underclass culture, or however he put it). While he mentioned that it originated as a black subculture, he did not much to differentiate between these two terms.

Bicarbonate is also a buffer, however heating it (e.g. during autoclaving) changes the equilibrium and it will get lost (in form of CO2). This can affect your final pH, depending on the concentration.

The interesting bit here is whether the false information is becoming their de facto memory of the perceived events. Much earlier studies showed that peer-pressure (or even very subtle hints) can result in false memories. The new thing here is that it looks at mechanism to show whether the wrong memory is used by the brain as the correct memory.

Does the buffer contain a carbonate buffer?

Well, there is no good reason for wanting low samples. The reasons were price of preps (though they have dropped enormously since the 90s). Other considerations are availability of samples (especially of clinical samples), and, sadly, time. Many just make the minimum of samples to survive simple statistical analyses and publish it.