CharonY

The instability is one of the reasons why I suspect that (free-living) prokaryotes do not possess appropriate transport mechanisms. In multicellular eukaryotes it is a different thing altogether, as they basically create their own habitat (i.e. the body of the respective organism). Also for many prokaryotes glucose is not an usable C-source, or electron donor (for energy generation) mostly due to the fact that it does not naturally exist in significant abundance in their habitats. AFAIK Mg is only around ATP due to ionic interactions with oxygen (i.e. is not covalently bound to the ATP. Beside that ATP does hydrolyze in dependence on the environment. Since Mg2+ mask the repulsive negative charges within ATP (as mentioned before) thus stabilizing it a bit. However, it does not suddenly transform it into a absolutely stable molecule (if it was, there would not be much energy won by hydrolyzing it, anymore). The stability of ATP either with or without Mg2+ depends on a number of factors, including temperature and, ion concentration and pH.

I do not know what you try to say, but symbiosis is the result of co-evolution, closely related (in mechanics) to parasitism. There is virtually no one arguing that it happened in an instance. Moreover, the the nuclear transfer in mitochondria arguably occurred way after establishment of a symbiotic relationship. From the way you wrote it, it appears to me that you were paraphrasing it (wrongly) from somewhere else (and adding random thoughts). Maybe providing a source could help others assist others to understand your point better?

First of all climate are the part of the scientific community whose expertise is relevant to the question. I would not know why the opinion of a microbiologist should have any relevance, unless some climate related effects were found in the studies of bacteria. Then 99.9 is relatively close to 97 and is not too bad as a guess. The value behind the decimal point gives probably an unnecessary illusion of accuracy.

Bacteria are single cells, they do have little in way of mechanism to retain memory (there is something like that though, which is based on translational modification status, but it is really just faintly comparable). All their reactions are directly controlled by biochemical conditions (internal as well as external). The only way to "train" is to disrupt or modify the regulatory system, e.g. rendering them non-responsive to certain stimuli. This is mostly genetic manipulation, though.

I assume he means organic solvents/water mixtures which are common in e.g. reverse or forward-phase HPLC. However, I have not used any of instruments beside speed-vac and freeze-drying and cannot comment on the performance. For large volumes the latter was much faster, but may depend on the system. I would assume it depends on the number of samples and the volume of each sample.

On plates and on the table it may take 1-2 days, especially in presence of ABs (even when resistant). Depends a bit on how fresh and viable the starting culture. Sometimes can even take up to three days to get a decent lawn (everything in full medium). For heating avoid temperatures over 38-39 degrees. If you cannot gurantee that keeping it at room temperature is definitely preferable. I suspect that mixing it with milk is just an easy way to avoid using buffer or media for plating. It depends on what culture you have. If you start from a plate and want to make a lawn you would have take off cells and resuspend it in buffer or media. I suppose milk could work as a cheap alternative. If you already got a liquid culture you often have to dilute it to a specified cell density (so that your experiments have all the same start conditions). Again, this is usually done with media or buffer. To get ABs you definitely have to ask your school whether they have/require a permit to get it from chemical suppliers.

Group behaviour is highly complicated as an emergent property (though astonishingly simple in mechanism), but note that each individual has a much higher complexity than bacteria. They have a simple nervous system, for instance. That being said, simple group behavior can be found in myxobacteria, who hunt other bacteria in packs (and only in packs) or the formation of fruiting bodies, in which some bacteria form the structure and others the spores.

I think you have a rather romantic view. Famines were rampant, even in highly developed civilizations. Heck, a couple of posts back Ireland was mentioned and that was not that long ago. You have to remember that these are partially industrialized nations, early 20th and 19th century Europe is probably a better comparison. One aspect of colonization was that it was believed that people had not enough space because the population growth was not under control. Birth control (on a wider basis) is really a thing that happened in very very recent times. However, if you believe it is easily accessible, you are also mistaken. Do you believe that a government that does not provide clean water for its people will provide condoms for free? Here is a random article on this issue My link And this for those that know that they can prevent birth and diseases with condoms. And this is what I mean with education. It is not only reading or writing (though in the long run it will be a necessity), but about knowing ones options (and providing those). In addition you have to remember that many of the poorest countries are an odd mix in which the modern clashes with traditional living styles. Growing villages and cities make certain traditional styles obsolete, certain modernization efforts that have changed nomads to sedentary styles which providing the proper means to do so, the list goes on. Your premise is a beneficial, government in a well-informed population. But in many of the poorest countries it is not the case (note that it is not Africa per se, there stable and wealthy nations around, we are talking about the war-infested).

Thank you. This puts your posts into a certain context. I do not think I have anything to add to the discussion at this point. Except maybe to advise you to look up actual data and recheck your own opinion before using them as facts. For instance in this study by Sardinha et al (PEDIATRICS Vol. 122 No. 3September 1, 2008 pp. e728 -e736 ) most measures would place boys and girls at age 9-10 equally with boys slightly stronger in certain bone measurements, for example. What you may confuse is that the onset for puberty is earlier in females and the maturation process is faster.

The current status by WHO is "potentially carcinogenic". This means that the studies are inconclusive (i.e. they cannot state whether it is safe beyond any reasonable doubt) and requires more looking into. However, there is also not enough evidence to issue any warning. To my knowledge there is only one single study which studied long-term effects (10 years). There no link was found, but it was hypothesized that theoretically for heavy users there may be a slightly increased risk (which was likely the reason for the stance of the WHO). One limiting factor is that cell phones are not that long in massive use yet and that the effects are likely not acute and may have long time delay before manifestation. There is no easy answer, but chances are that the risks are relatively mild relative to other common potential health risks.

Was a proper blank used?

So far I do not see any evidence for your assertions. I.e. that there is a anti-boy sexism. (I really have a hard time to see how it is anti-boy when only females are allowed to torture females). Let me ask you something. Let us say girls are more protected from harm. Therefore they are not allowed to interact with society outside the immediate family. Is that pro-girl or anti-girl sexism in your eyes?

Instinctive? I am not suggesting that. Unless, you think that early 20th century (and earlier) family planning in Europe was instinctual. But there are several issues here, lack of wide-spread education being one of them. Wide-spread family planning is a relatively modern invention. Also practically, what would be the alternative if they do not have free access to birth control? Abstinence because there may be a bad harvest next year? Again, lack of education, lack of access to information and lack of means to do anything against it make planning virtually impossible. And well, we see how well abstinence educations works even in well-educated societies in which food is abundant.

The split was to answer the question whether females are really preferentially treated (or rather girls) since this was the premise of one of the posters. I think this premise is being questioned as most societies would be characterized as male dominated. Before that is established assuming that it is connected to rape is a little bit premature. However, the overall discussion regarding gender dominance, societal biases and rape can easily continue in the main thread, I think. If specific elements have to be clarified, it may be good to split it again to clear up some premises. Clearly we are talking about a rather complex subject in which many factors may or may not contribute. I think it is a good idea to clear up whether a given situation really exists, before moving on to find associations. Edit: crossposted with swansont

The context here is statics. The calculations of stability is based on well-established mechanical frame work. Just stating a value without that context is meaningless. Yes. But what? Potential of what? And which way around is the correct association? I.e. geniuses have an easy time with IQ test hence they usually have high IQs. But then IQ may still be a lousy predictor because you can get a high score without being a genius. Or is it a cut-of? Maybe chances of being genius is lower at IQ below, say, 120 but does not scale with higher values?

A number of eukaryotic cells take up ATP actively. I am less sure regarding prokaryotes.

Thanks, I was not aware of that. Appears to be somewhat newish (in the glacial time frame of the EU). I only remember that I was quite dismayed to learn that Germany (despite all the restrictions for firearms) did not have central register.

Just to clarify, we are talking about preferential behavior in pre-puberty kids? I would like to see examples and/or evidence, please. The list provided is too random to be of any use. What may be the case is that, on average, corporal punishment rates for boys are higher than for girls. But it is should also be noted that society does indeed treat them differently, boys are often encouraged to be more active and may thus result in behavior that is more likely to be punished. Adolescence. 1994 Fall;29(115):543-61.Straus MA, Kantor GK. However, girls are more likely to be sexually abused.

Looks like a random blurp copied from somwhere.

This may be true if they had actually had access to all this information and planned it deliberately. Or even had a choice to do anything about it. Did the government fail? To a large amount, yes. It is true that emergency help does not help in the long run. In the long run a commitment to build infrastructure, introduce a standard of living where people can start to thing about anything instead of just surviving the day, or even worse, decide which of their kids they should allow to starve first. And then leverage that to create a decent educational system. But I suppose it would take much more money than just throw some food at them every now and then and ignore them the rest of the time.

A kind of amusing take on this overall issue. My link

The link between marriage and life expectancy is kind of complicated. In a study it was found that males with younger wives benefitted most (in terms of life expectancy). Strangely, the inverse appears to be the case for women. Press release Also it appears that the gap in life expectancy between married and unmarried males has diminished (but I would have to dig out that data). IIRC children had no influence (i.e. no difference between married couples with and without children).

Mathematical treatment of data is essential. However, one cannot simply throw numbers around. An important part of statistics is the proper use of these values. An important part of each science is to define in which context each measurement is valid and informative. Context is everything.

I am not sure, are there EU-wide gun regulations?

ATP itself does not contain Mg. However, ATP that is found in complexes often contains Mg- but not covalently bound.