CharonY

Create and characterize 10 bacterial mutants in 4 weeks. Disciplines include -Xtreme primer designing -cut n ligate -Massive electroporation - 100m plating And for the advanced: mutation stacking The gold discipline is: WTF does this mutation do?

To get back to the topic, I am pretty confident that an elder god will enter this world through my skull. Roughly around June 2013. Maybe April, depending on the weather.

Many (most) cells have no polarities, chromosomes can be circular, symmetrical body plans are the result the evolution of certain developmental mechanisms, nomenclature is often arbitrary, bla bla etc.

joshuam168, as you surmised correctly there is no mechanistic data. As I mentioned above, there were some epi-studies. However, the results were conflicting at best. Heck there was even a reports with a correlation between religiosity and dementia. In fact, a metastudy surmised that much of it can be explained by selection bias in the different studies. See e.g.: Cigarette Smoking and Dementia: Potential Selection Bias in the Elderly Hernán, Miguel A.a; Alonso, Alvarob; Logroscino, Giancarloa EPIDEMIOLOGY Volume: 19 Issue: 3 Pages: 448-450 Published: MAY 2008 In contrast, for smoking a number of toxicity pathways have been detected that add to the evidence of e.g. adverse birth outcome, cardiac diseases caused by smoking.

Well, what would be the ethical dilemma? I do not like them is probably a tiny bit weak. Form an anthropocentric viewpoint one could argue that they are among the major (indirect) killers of the animal world. On the other hand one could put up a number of arguments including: - ecological impact (as already mentioned) - reduction of biodiversity Though personally I am not sufficiently familiar with the ecological role of mosquitos in the respective habitats.

No idea what it was supposed to be about, and do not recognize the name either. Given the fact that there is no information in the post that makes any sense and given the lack of any sources I would assume that it is nonsense.

For a filtering flask it ain't that easy, but I had problems with small stoppers in test tubes. I used a piece of folded cloth to guide the stopper to the opening of the inverted tube. Then pulled it out by tugging at that cloth.

At which point does the hitting with a club and dragging into the cave come in? I always forget.

I need more info regarding type of fusion construct, how you overexpressed and how you purified it. I.e. do you mean that in the SDS page you only have the purified protein but you got two bands? Or is that the raw lysate.

A question I have is whether you want to have a single strain secreting both proteins? Second is what question you want to answer. Do you want to purify the proteins or assess the function of the proteins in vivo. The latter is a bit more tricky.

Also connected to this point, the main human gene pool originated in Africa. As such, what is considered to be white is just a subpopulation. Following that train of thought a grouping according to skin color simply does not make sense. It would be akin to making groups like dachshund vs dog. Note that it is possible to trace specific subpopulation by using allelic markers specific to them (works best in well in isolated, somewhat inbred groups). However, as Ophiolite said, if we take a non-biased approach (as e.g. the whole genome) these distinctions vanish.

Normally it does not refer to estimates but to ratios.

Shoot, I must have been confusing it with something else. Especially considering that betas are more harmful. I thus retract my above statement.

Actually technetium emits beta particles (electrons).

There are no systems in cells that directly react to radioactivity and transduce it to a sensation.

In most cases one does not expect the precise amounts, unless for some reasons there was a big emphasis on it during the course. It is much more important to understand e.g. which components to use and why. You should have a broad understanding of the conducted experiments and what they are used for.

Not directly in magma, if that is what you think. Though numerous extremophiles have been found e.g. near volcanic vents.

Sounds like spam to me.

Bacteria are even there where animals are not.

In short: the immune system is very complex, consisting of a lot of individual components. As such it is hard to assess optimal or even normal levels to begin with. In essence it is an equilibrium system that performs within some parameters, though there is no true metric to define an optimum. Its performance is also dependent on a number of other factors, as e.g. previous exposure. As such it is easy to envision that any supplement that may interact with any part of the immune system has a higher potential of disrupting the regulatory network (or doing nothing) rather than boosting it. Now what happens during stress or lack of sleep? Common answers are that the immune system gets weakened, but things are more complicated than that. Stress, for instance can act via the humoral system on certain elements of the immune system, but it is not a simple reduction. For instance, certain certain forms of stress, resulting in triggering autoimmune disease (i.e. overreaction of the immune system rather than a lowering of the immune system). In many cases the precise molecular mechanisms are unknown though in the given example certain T-helper cell types have been implicated. Can supplements therefore restore such defects? Most unlikely. Normally the only way to restore your immune system is to remove the source of the distortion, as e.g. getting sleep or remove the stressor. In the absence of the knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms and, even worse, the underlying distortions in the regulatory interactions no simple remedy is likely to be forthcoming. Regarding vitamin D, it is known to modulate immune responses, and a deficiency is likely to reduce efficiency. However, it does not mean that you can use it to boost the immune system above normal levels. In other words, it is more of a reduce deficiency effect rather than a boost effect.

As the names imply, none of the mentioned media are truly limiting. Many usual contaminants (e.g. skin bacteria) proliferate very quickly on BHI, though. Also the risk of enriching pathogenic bacteria is higher there. If you got a pure culture my choice would be use something more selective like Listeria enrichment broth. Overall tryptic soy broth is an acceptable choice, though.

As a generic advice for a start point: figure out the main conclusions and summarize them in one or two sentences.

There are quite a number of possibilities, however the basic is that you should know what was discussed and taught in the respective courses and that you understood the principles. Most of the time it is revolving around a practical problem and you are supposed to solve it with the techniques learned during your course.

In contrast to the chemistry approach for molecular bottom-up learning (i.e. detailed molecular structures) are less helpful. As the matter gets complex very fast it a good grasp on concepts is better and after that maybe specialize (but that is way later). Of course, genetics and molecular biology is a vast field and it is not easy to recommend something that covers it all. You may be interested in Genes by Lewin and Molecular biology of the cell (for broader concepts) by Alberts.

Shouldn't the exams connected to a given course?