Strange

You have repeatedly refused to provide any sort of model. What are these "presuppositions" that you object to? That models should be useful and able to make quantitative, testable predictions? Sorry, but that is what science expects. Maybe you are in the wrong place.

The probabilities may be constant and predictable. For example, the probability of rolling a 6 or the probability of an atom decaying in a given time. But you still can't say which atom will decay or when. He didn't say that was so for any function. You are just being silly, now.

You have moved the goalposts. You started with an equation where x could take any value, when quanta'namo nay! correctly pointed out that x could take any value in that equation, you changed the equation. I don't know what point you are trying to make, but you are doing a poor job of it! True: whenever you calculate the probability you will get the same result for the probability. But that doesn't tell you what will actually happen. Sorry, but quantum processes are (*) random and unpredictable. The best we can do is predict the probability of certain outcomes. (*) According to our current best theories and the evidence available so far, etc. etc.

There may be plant species with similar variations. But why is that relevant? Small variations can and do create new species. For example dogs and wolves. You have been given a many other examples of speciation. They all involve small changes.

That is not the point: he created a story which, by your definition, must have some truth in it. Therefore you have to take his claim to have created all life on Earth exactly as seriously as you do Cretinism or Evolution. And what you are ignoring is that one is supported by evidence and the other isn't. Ignoring the evidence is not a scientific stance. It is not even sceptical. It is barely rational.

Firstly, I see no reason to equate intelligence with political strength. Secondly, the most dominant powers at different times have been from different parts of the world and therefore of different "races". If anything, this would argue for those of Mongolian descent having the greatest "might" as they have had the largest empires. Putin is black !?

Obviously. You seemed to be saying that those theories we wrong though. I guess I don't understand what you are saying.

So this is about the crazy idea you have made up that the universe appeared from nothing? Do you have any evidence for that? (I still don't know what a "pra-dad" is though...) We both agreed. Sensei just gave the exact date. It is about how the photoelectric shows that light must consist of "quanta" (the name photon was invented much later). There is no structure to photons. You can "believe" whatever you want. On the other hand, you could study and learn what the scientists mean by that. A hole is the absence of an electron in a crystal lattice. It is just a description of a symmetry; like saying that a left glove is a reflection of a right glove. No one thinks that a left glove is really a reflection and no one thinks anti-particles really go back in time. They are all a result of symmetries. Every conservation law is a related to a specific symmetry. We are back to that again - it seems that symmetry is a really fundamental aspect of reality. For example, the fact that physical systems behave the same at all times and in all places leads to the conservation of energy and momentum.

In quantum theory, for example, mathematics is used to make predictions based on probability. In other words, the interactions are not deterministic and all we can do is predict the probability of different outcomes. And then there are chaotic systems which are completely deterministic but unpredictable. This includes the weather but also simple things like a double pendulum.

Are you claiming that there are decays that violate these conservation laws?

Citation required.

There is no sound in space to record. Remember Alien: "In space no one can hear you scream!" (Of course, someone is going to come along now and point out all the cases where we do record sounds in space ....)

Evolution may be a partial theory (that is true of all science). Creationism is not even partial. It is zero. It is based on nothing. Not really. There are events without cause. Not really. We are talking specifically about biological evolution. Energy minimization is not speculation. It is the basis of chemical bonding, atomic decay, water falling down hill, planets orbiting the sun, etc.

Are you saying that because "sun" and "son" sound the same in modern English? Otherwise why confuse the two?

That is a problem right there: what does "at the same time" mean when people are in different frames of references? That is why you need to be very careful when posing questions. Correct.

So you were moving the second star away from Earth? So it is further away than the first start? That wasn't very clear. A diagram would have been useful. You said you were going to explain, mathematically, the rotation of stars in a galaxy. Instead of that long rambling and confusing post 27, you could have just written [math]f = G\frac{m_1 m_2}{r^2}[/math] and [math]\vec{f} = \vec{f_1} + \vec{f_2}[/math]. And then gone on to explain the orbital velocities of stars.

Er, that's SON not sun.

Still no evidence?

Citation?

That makes no sense. Do you want to implement your own program implementing the zip format, in which case use one of the hundreds of (free, open source) libraries. Or do you want to invent your own archive/compression format? (In which case, you are wasting your time.) Or do you just want an alternative? In which case use tar + one of the many possible compression formats (gz, bz, etc).

Yes it is: "The .ZIP file format was released into the public domain" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zip_%28file_format%29 There are plenty of free implementations and, of course, libraries for most languages. For example (just the first I found, no recommendation intended): https://code.google.com/p/miniz/

I said I would come back to your post 27. But there is so much here, I will just pick up on a couple of points. This is physically impossible, in terms of orbits: the second star cannot remain between Earth and the first star because their orbital velocities will not allow it. However, you can calculate the sum of forces at the instant they aligned as you describe. If the second star is now twice as far from "Hoster" as Earth, then the Earth is midway between them. It will feel equal force from both. I assume this is not what you intend to describe, but I don't know what you intend. But, yes, you can calculate the force contributed by each object based on mass and distance and perform a vector sum (taking into account the angles) to get the total force. So what? I don't know what "rings" you are talking about, as you example just had three bodies: Earth and two stars. Apart from stating the (obvious) fact that you can do a vector sum of the forces of multiple objects, what is the point of this long exposition?

By using one of the many free and / or commercial tools (e.g. WinZip or 7Zip for Windows, zip for linux, etc.). Or by selecting "Compress directory" (or whatever the option is) in windows.

So, no evidence to support your opinion? Just rants?

Sorry, I have no idea what that means. Do you want to try again. What is popping up from nowhere? What is a "pra-dad"? When a scientist wanted to write a popular book about the Higgs boson, he wanted to call it "The Goddamn Particle" because it was proving so had to find. His publisher thought that might offend people and changed it to "The God Particle". Which has to be one of the stupidest decisions of all time. It was first observed in the 19th century. Einstein provided the mathematical description in 1905 (and got the Nobel Prize for it). Perhaps you should read Einstein's 1905 paper? (I don't know what your first language is, but if it is German, then you could read the original.) I'm not sure what you mean by "in reality". Photons are small "packets" (quanta) of electromagnetic radiation with a specific frequency and energy. Electrons, well, they are electrons.