EdEarl

The energy density is thought to remain constant as the Universe expands. I don't know why, but I'll share a speculation of mine, never before shared. It is (italics) as follows: This speculation is partly based on things in my post above (#32). Assuming real particles are created by vacuum energy, and those particles are protons and electrons that combine to make hydrogen. Furthermore, assume enough are created to offset the matter density decrease caused by the Universe expanding. Then, the Universe would be forever expanding, yet appear more or less as it does today, with stars and galaxies forever being created by newly created matter. The mass outside the Universal Event Horizon is extremely large. In fact, in every direction would be as much mass or more than exists within the Event Horizon. The gravity of that extrauniversal mass would cause our visible universe to expand and would be the source of Dark Energy as we know it. However, this speculation doesn't explain anything, really. I'm pretty sure there is evidence to refute this speculation. Wikipedia

David, I'm not well read enough to know of any balance. The expanding Universe is expected to reduce the mass density; does the balance you mentioned keep the mass density constant?

IMO philosophy and science are not necessarily at odds. Scientists can be philosophers. For example, Wikipedia says, "Avram Noam Chomsky is an American linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, social critic, and political activist." Scientists study nature, physics is about natural processes and things. A scientist considers things like reincarnation to be beyond any possible explanation, except magic (something unknown). In other words, nothing in known space-time, neither energy, field nor particle can possibly facilitate reincarnation. On the other hand, we cannot disprove reincarnation. Some people believe science will eventually find the mechanism, some do not. Some disbelieve science because it doesn't fit their ideas of existence, and some believe such people are deluded. With such diverse opinions and strong willed people, tempers will heat sometimes. A big job on this forum is to moderate those emotions; it's often criticized. Yet, they do outstanding work without pay.

Dark energy appears to be increasing with the Universe expansion. I realize there is no evidence, but there are some interesting observations. Vacuum energy makes particle-antiparticle pairs; then they annihilate quickly. But, what happened to all the antimatter in the Universe. Why wouldn't it still be disappearing or not being made. Maybe dark energy and vacuum energy are not the same, but it is easy to imagine dark energy contributing to vacuum energy.

I agree with the previous several posters, and legally, legal bribery may not be corruption, but it is unethical, and will be stopped either by nature or by us. What kind of organism is humanity? A pathogen makes its host sick, perhaps kills it. The pathogen may be killed by its host or kill the host. If it kills the host, it dies with its host or spreads to another host. We can decide to kill corruption or let it rape the Earth until she stops us. In other words, humanity can decide whether we are a pathogen or a symbiot. At the moment city governments have not been corrupted to the level of Federal and state governments. I hope the cost is prohibitive, but I'm afraid corrupting the big cities with power to continue the renewable movement is possible. At the moment they are converting to renewable energy at a good pace. That's not the only issue on reformers agenda, but it is the critical one. China is closing in on the US in terms of power and prestige; perhaps they have already eclipsed the US. Without international cooperation, they are building an SKA, the worlds largest accelerator, cities overnight, a powerful military, and a big bank account. In some ways they seem like a multinational; in others they seem like a mess--change is messy. They have an energetic huge population, that drives them into the future. And, their government is not encumbered by religious movements. They seem to have realized they cannot rape the Earth and expect she will not retaliate. Nazi Germany was a scourge, and Nazi-like USA is too.

Hi, I cannot answer your question. Others have read it; one must assume they also do not know the answer. Generally, people who frequent this forum are thrilled to answer questions. Silence like this is an indicator, as you suggested. It is possible someone knows, has not had time to reply, and still will.

There must be a process starting with chemistry to make biology. These researchers may have been looking at replicas of our ancestors, but my guess is there are many similar processes and we aren't related to them.

Sometimes I just need a reality check. My reading takes me to many places. Is the Universe a hologram or the computer simulation of a god.

Perhaps darktheorist was an unwitting philosopher, for asking, "What really constitutes philosophy?" and postulating two possibilities is a simple philosophy; the question is classic. Philosophy is its own explanation, but more formal and casual philosophy has been written than anyone can read in a lifetime. Each of us learn or develop a philosophy, such as, Mom's boyfriend batters her. I'd want to be that powerful or I don't want to be like that. Some people study philosophy and its recondite corners like Immanuel Kant; most of us accumulate enough philosophy to survive. Some go for rational philosophies and some for spiritual. No matter what your taste, the menu has something for you.

A photon travels a Planck length (lP) in a Planck time (tP). If the wavelength of the photon is lP/2, then two wave fronts would pass across lP in one tP. That seems like moving information (2 wave fronts) faster than the speed of light. Perhaps one must make a distinction between carrier and modulated waves; although, how one might modulate a single photon is beyond me; meaning the two wave fronts are only one bit of information. I haven't seen this idea discussed; thus, this my thought must be bogus. Why?

Longer exposures increase the number of things you can see. One of the best places in the continental US are in the Davis Mountains, where I understand amateur astronomers gather yearly. See: https://texasstarparty.org/welcome/ The Hubble took about a three week exposure of an empty dot in the sky to get the Hubble Deep Field and Extreme Deep Field photos. Before taking the exposure, people questioned whether it would be a worthwhile endeavor.

When an electron absorbs a photon and jumps to a higher energy level around an atom, has it not changed? Moreover, the field shape of various electrons within an atom are different. When an electron absorbs energy from a photon it has changed, has it not? And, we don't actually know what an electron is, we cannot see that detail. I believe the nucleus of an atom, e.g., hydrogen, has quark-antiquark pairs popping into existence and annihilating quickly, but they contribute mass. Is that the case within electrons?

The primary limits on telescopes are bandwidth, resolution and brightness. Magnification is a secondary property. Image resolution or pixel size depends on the maximum distance between two points on the mirrors. Binocular telescopes have better resolution for total reflector area than a single mirror, because two mirrors can be placed some distance apart, making maximum distance between two points on the two mirrors relatively far. It is relatively easy to increase magnification until one pixel becomes fuzzy (resolution limit). A radio telescope called the Square Kilometer Array (SKA) is being built on two continents, Australia and (south) Africa, which will give the SKA very good resolution. Electronics are good enough to do that for a radio telescope, but not good enough for other kinds, for example optical telescopes, which for now must be close to each other.

As a naked ape, nothing about our body lets measure anything exactly. Everything about your body is unique, including legs, eyes, and hair, until we look at subatomic particles. It is possible some electrons are identical to one another, but we cannot measure accurately enough to know. To make a measurement, we compare two things, for example a standard meter with something we think is also a meter, but we cannot know they are exactly the same length, because there are limits on how small a difference we can see, even with a microscope. The same principle applies for all measurements and instruments (e.g., microscope) that aid making measurements.

Little written history; however, the Mayans developed writing. Wikipedia: Unfortunately, Europeans destroyed most Mayan writing. American archeological finds go back more than 15,000 years.

Moon and Mars habitats need to be sheltered from solar and cosmic rays, possibly by earth berm. The interior will not be affected by outside conditions. What things can be learned with a polar location vs Arizona?

A physician may be able to help, but WebMD says not all tinnitus can be eliminated.

A successful trip is one in which you do not encounter a potentially damaging object, or if you do then you can dodge it, or if you can't dodge then you can repair the damage. P [math]\doteq[/math] 0 [math]\leq[/math] probability [math]\leq[/math] 1 Ps = probability of successful trip P[math]\heartsuit[/math] = probability of clear path P[math]\diamondsuit[/math] = probability of dodging an object P[math]\spadesuit[/math] = probability of repairing damage P[math]\clubsuit[/math] = probability of damaging collision Ps = P[math]\heartsuit[/math] + P[math]\diamondsuit[/math]+ P[math]\spadesuit[/math]P[math]\clubsuit[/math] Hope to get this right, it's been a long time since I did any statistics.

H2O2 is quite strong. A doctor recommend that I not use it as an antiseptic, possibly because I am older, IDK. I think the recommended method of cleaning ears is to use a warm oil, a vegetable oil (e.g., olive oil) or mineral oil will work. Thinner oils will come out of your ear easier, and they might even soften the ear hairs.

Although many ideas have gone and are going into the rubbish bin a few have floated to the surface and seem to be correct, some having been tested hundreds of times as valid, yet scientists know there are dark realms to explore, nuances to resolve, and much to do. Alone, Faraday made significant discoveries and without knowing math; today math and teamwork are essential to progress; that in itself is a measure of the progress science has made. Instruments to study science often now cost billions, yet they are being built at a record pace, including space telescopes, extremely large ground based telescopes, particle accelerators, etc. There are at least four telescopes being planned or built with primary mirrors in the thirty meter range. Two seperate square kilometer radio telescopes, a particle collider double the size of the one at Cern, and many other instruments. Scientific investigation continues at a blazing pace. This time in history is exciting because we continue to crash into the future, knowing there are surprises.

Occam's razor has been around since about 1300; it was used some since then.

You are right.

for a 5hp engine running on hydrogen, according to video. However, my post suggested hydrogen would be used for other applications. It isn't particularly kind to IC engines. Possibly, algae can be grown in salt water ponds, oil and other valuables extracted, and remains used in a digester to make methane. Algae grows faster than anything else, doubling in hours under ideal conditions. Thus, it should be the least expensive feed for a digester. However, it's not been done on a large scale afaik. I assume it would be a poor business.

Flat Earth, geocentric universe, solar centric universe, Milky Way Universe, astrology, alchemy, etc. have completely or mostly been turned over, and there are more. I partly depends on how popular you make the hypothesis to qualify as mainstream science and what you mean by overturned. Leachers were common medical practitioners at one time; they bled people because illness was caused by bad blood. Most ideas have been discarded and a few good ones survive. Most of my hair brained ideas die in minutes; some in seconds.

I think technologies besides electronics are about to change quickly. The next 25 years are crucial to minimize climate change, and transportation must become cleaner. I think there will be many experiments towards that goal, before one technology becomes dominant again, maybe. If fuel wins, I expect several will service different market segments, including hydrogen, methane, methanol, ethanol and biodiesel. If electrics win, I expect some form of supercapacitor instead of chemical batteries. But, there are no clear winners at this time. Propane has a role to play.,