Iron in ocean to grow Plankton and capture CO2 in the atmosphere:

[Ken123]

The latest seems to show carbon will stay in the water column and sea life with eventually going back to the atmosphere and as far as I know this is a scientifically proven result. Are there any other scientifically proven results that are concerns?

 

If it takes 100s of years for carbon to return to the atmosphere it may be worth doing because Mankind will have this time to try to solve CO2 concern in the atmosphere?

[Sensei]

Plankton is eaten by sea living organisms, fishes, and they are absorbing Oxygen and releasing Carbon Dioxide while breathing.

[Ken123]

Plankton is eaten by sea living organisms, fishes, and they are absorbing Oxygen and releasing Carbon Dioxide while breathing.

But also Plankton is making using CO2 and releasing O2.

Some of the carbon they eat becomes protein ...etc. and some is exhaled as you show. The protein is a result of the carbon from CO2 made by Plankton and the amount of CO2 removed from the environment is locked in the sea life proteins...etc.

2 indicators for iron dumping:

1. ...Iron Helps Prevent Formation Of Coastal Dead Zones...

2. ...Much of the carbon algae take up remains near the surface for hundreds of years...

but carbon is not a problem the molecule CO2 is the problem

Iron Helps Prevent Formation Of Coastal Dead Zones

...The German-American study team found that in high-oxygen conditions, almost all of the iron dissolved within the water precipitates – changing into rust-like iron oxide particles, which fall to the seafloor. The remains of dead plants and animals also sink to the seafloor and their rotting remains also use up oxygen dissolved in seawater. As oxygen decreases, a hypoxic dead zone may develop. If this takes place, iron oxides break down and may enter back into the water column where the iron becomes available to fertilize oxygen-generating plankton, the study researchers said.

"When this moderate hypoxic state occurs, the iron release fuels more biological productivity and the organic particles fall to the sea floor where they decay and consume more oxygen, making hypoxia worse," said study author Florian Scholz, a postdoctoral earth sciences researcher at Oregon State University. "That leads to this feedback loop of more iron release triggering more productivity, triggering more iron release.”

"But we found that when the oxygen approaches zero a new group of minerals, iron sulfides, are formed," Scholz added. "This is the key to the limit switch because when the iron gets locked up in sulfides, it is no longer dissolved and thus not available to the plankton. The runaway hypoxia stops and the hypoxic region is limited."...

Iron Helps Prevent Formation Of Coastal Dead Zones
http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1113149570/dead-zone-cutoff-switch-iron-051914/

Seeding iron in the Pacific may not pull carbon from air as thought

...The most recent experiments have sparked protests from environmental groups. Some scientists say iron dumping could alter marine ecosystems in unpredictable and possibly harmful ways. Another problem: for excess carbon to be truly locked away, it must sink to the seafloor when the algae die. Some studies have suggested that while algae may grow quickly when fertilized, much of the carbon they take up remains near the surface for hundreds of years, cycling through other marine creatures, or bleeding directly back into the air.
Phoebe Lam, an oceanographer at the University of California, Santa Cruz, who studies marine cycling of iron and carbon, said the paper "shows there are downstream consequences to anything you do in the ocean. It's what the geoengineers don't necessarily think of. It makes the idea of artificial iron fertilization require a discussion of much more subtlety."
Sylvain Pichat, a marine geochemist at the University of Lyon, said the study "indeed shows that we need to think about the oceans and the climate system as a whole."
Earlier this month, British researchers published a study showing how much still remains to be discovered: they observed that big icebergs increasingly calving off Antarctica are releasing vast trails of iron as they melt, triggering algae blooms for hundreds of miles—a possible mechanism that one could speculate might eventually push back against the manmade forces implicated in the calving....

Seeding iron in the Pacific may not pull carbon from air as thought
http://phys.org/news/2016-03-seeding-iron-pacific-carbon-air.html

Edited December 23, 2016 by Ken123

[Ken123]

Global Warming delayed for Mankind to resolve.

Oceans capture CO2 from the atmosphere for 100 years by adding Iron to the oceans generating algae blooms with CO2 levels decreasing in the waters. The ocean waters strip CO2 from the atmosphere as the ocean algae increase. After 100 years carbon is released back to the atmosphere by sea life exhaling CO2.

 

Concept sketch

Edited December 24, 2016 by Ken123

[Ken123]

Farm the Oceans to Help Stop Global Warming

 

It’s a controversial idea—but it’s already happening anyway.

By David Biello

2016-12-24 00:34
http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2016/11/how_dumping_iron_in_the

Edited December 24, 2016 by Ken123

[StringJunky]

Your idea is treating the symptom rather than the cause and there is a simpler way. The food is already on the bottom of the ocean, so, you need to get it up there to the algae.

 

Long story short: global warming is causing more thermoclines to develop and for longer. These thermoclines block the natural upwelling of nutrient-laden cooler water from the bottom to the surface. I think it would be more effective to mechanically raise the bottom water to the top to feed the phytoplankton.

 

http://www.des.ucdavis.edu/faculty/Richerson/ESP30/Ocean%20Systems%20I.pdf

 

More from Google on thermoclines: https://www.google.co.uk/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=thermoclines%20nutrients%20phytoplankton

[Ken123]

Your idea is treating the symptom rather than the cause and there is a simpler way. The food is already on the bottom of the ocean, so, you need to get it up there to the algae.

 

Long story short: global warming is causing more thermoclines to develop and for longer. These thermoclines block the natural upwelling of nutrient-laden cooler water from the bottom to the surface. I think it would be more effective to mechanically raise the bottom water to the top to feed the phytoplankton.

 

http://www.des.ucdavis.edu/faculty/Richerson/ESP30/Ocean%20Systems%20I.pdf

 

More from Google on thermoclines: https://www.google.co.uk/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=thermoclines%20nutrients%20phytoplankton

Thanks for the insight. Will review.

[StringJunky]

Thanks for the insight. Will review.

I think you are on the right track. Phytoplankton perform a very important task of providing most of the world's oxygen, sequestering CO2 and seeding clouds by creating condensation nuclei, from the sulphur compounds they produce, that end up above the ocean surface, increasing the planet's albedo. They help reflect UV rays away from the Earth and keep it cooler. They are a very critical part of the Earth's homoestatic mechanism from what I can see.

 

Algae are the most fundamental organism and every single higher organism relies on them, directly or indirectly. Even viruses need them because if they have no hosts they cannot replicate. The solution to helping mitigate climate change and the burden of increasing human population seems to be to increase their presence.

Edited December 25, 2016 by StringJunky

[Ken123]

Thanks, I made a preliminary matrix of concerns and resolutions for iron fertilization. Will need to adjust as I learn. I have studied articles on each item and the resolutions are shown in the articles. If anyone is interested in an item please request and will send the excerpt and link.associated with the item.

Grow plankton with iron to reverse global warming

 

Number Concern Resolution Reference

 

1 Red Tide Red tides have not been known to happen in open oceans where iron fertilization was executed

 

2 Dead zones Dead zones have not been known to happen in open oceans where iron fertilization was executed

 

3 More Carbon in the oceans Acceptable for 100 years because CO₂ will be less in the atmosphere

 

4 Carbon not on ocean floor Not a concern because carbon will be in the water column

 

5 Carbon in water column Acceptable because less carbon in the atmosphere

 

6 Carbon acidify oceans Iron fertilization w/ green bloom captures CO₂ from the atmosphere minimizing CO₂ captured by

the oceans with less acidification of oceans

 

7 Oceans do not remove CO₂Incorrect because air-water interface are equilibrated

 

8 Globe is presently too hot Almost immediate action for iron fertilization of oceans is needed to quickly remove CO₂ from

the atmosphere and the globe will cool

 

9 Fillings are steel and not pure iron Use pure iron fillings for the fertilization

 

10 Ice melting Cooling the globe with iron fertilization cools ice, generates less active storms, less rain and

11 More active storms sea level not rising

12 More rain

13 Sea level rise

Matrix Global Warming.doc

Edited December 26, 2016 by Ken123

[TheBeardedDude]

We have been studying this for a while (there are earlier experiments than this one but I found this first: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v428/n6985/full/428788b.html)

 

Basically, it could work to sequester Carbon in the oceans as long as you can create a carbon pump that will sequester the biomass into the sediments. That would require a lot of primary production and a reduction in water column O2 in order to prevent decomposition of the biomass as it sinks. It's possible but it would take a LOT of biomass production to sequester enough CO2 to make a difference.

[Ken123]

Your idea is treating the symptom rather than the cause and there is a simpler way. The food is already on the bottom of the ocean, so, you need to get it up there to the algae.

 

Long story short: global warming is causing more thermoclines to develop and for longer. These thermoclines block the natural upwelling of nutrient-laden cooler water from the bottom to the surface. I think it would be more effective to mechanically raise the bottom water to the top to feed the phytoplankton.

 

http://www.des.ucdavis.edu/faculty/Richerson/ESP30/Ocean%20Systems%20I.pdf

 

More from Google on thermoclines: https://www.google.co.uk/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=thermoclines%20nutrients%20phytoplankton

Looked at the links but could not find "These thermoclines block the natural upwelling of nutrient-laden cooler water from the bottom to the surface". Also looking for how the blocks happen. Please check. Thanks

Edited December 30, 2016 by Ken123

[StringJunky]

Looked at the links but could not find "These thermoclines block the natural upwelling of nutrient-laden cooler water from the bottom to the surface". Also looking for how the blocks happen. Please check. Thanks

You won't find it, as written, because I composed it from knowledge I already had. I pulled the article up after to support it and give you some general info on them.

 

 

A real section through the middle of the Pacific. Note that s is on the left here. The deep currents of the ocean cause it to

be stratified on a global scale. Very cold water from the North Atlantic and from the shores of Antarctica plunge to the

bottom of the ocean. The moderate to slight seasonality in the temperate and tropical regions cannot generate enough

winter mixing to break down the permanent thermocline. Note however, the slight shoaling of the thermocline around the

equator. This is the basic explanation for why the Central Biome has such low productivity. The permanent thermocline is

very tight and lets few nutrients mix upwards through the thermocline. Strong thermoclines very strongly suppress mixing.

It occurs when there is a steep enough temperature difference between the sunlit surface layers and lower aphotic water.

 

http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/thermocline.html

[Ken123]

You won't find it, as written, because I composed it from knowledge I already had. I pulled the article up after to support it and give you some general info on them.

 

It occurs when there is a steep enough temperature difference between the sunlit surface layers and lower aphotic water.

 

http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/thermocline.html

Thanks, greatly appreciated.

[Ken123]

You won't find it, as written, because I composed it from knowledge I already had. I pulled the article up after to support it and give you some general info on them.

 

It occurs when there is a steep enough temperature difference between the sunlit surface layers and lower aphotic water.

 

http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/thermocline.html

knowing global warming is limiting ocean upwelling thus plankton blooms, how much upwelling has been limited in the past and more important how much this limited upwelling has contributed to limited plankton blooms thus contributed to global warming?

If limited upwelling has great impact to global warming then considerations for mechanically drawing ocean water bottoms to the top should be actively explored.

 

I remember reviewing about 10% CO2 removal from the atmosphere by way of new plankton blooms from iron fertilization but there may be a higher atmosphere CO2 affect because of the upwelling concern.

 

I will try to see if there are any articles on this.

[Ken123]

 

knowing global warming is limiting ocean upwelling thus plankton blooms, how much upwelling has been limited in the past and more important how much this limited upwelling has contributed to limited plankton blooms thus contributed to global warming?

If limited upwelling has great impact to global warming then considerations for mechanically drawing ocean water bottoms to the top should be actively explored.

 

I remember reviewing about 10% CO2 removal from the atmosphere by way of new plankton blooms from iron fertilization but there may be a higher atmosphere CO2 affect because of the upwelling concern.

 

I will try to see if there are any articles on this.

 

Picture of mechanical oceans bottoms uplift System concept:

http://i66.tinypic.com/idt25x.jpg

 

One year carbon tax pays for 10 ocean bottoms pumping systems magnitude cost $2 Billion(TBD).

 

A carbon tax of $2.2 Billion /Yr = 180 MM tones of LPG Global Carbon produced /Yr

 

Carbon tax:

Picture of carbon tax

 

http://i68.tinypic.com/2vlrwx2.jpg

 

http://carbonsolutions.com/Calculator.php

 

LPG produced per year:

Picture of LPG produced per year

http://i63.tinypic.com/2llzwbs.jpg

 

http://www.poten.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/LPG-in-World-Markets-Jan-2016.pdf

Picture of mechanical oceans bottoms uplift Sydtem concept:

http://i66.tinypic.com/idt25x.jpg

 

One year carbon tax pays for 10 ocean bottoms pumping systems magnitude cost $2 Billion(TBD).

 

A carbon tax of $2.2 Billion /Yr = 180 MM tones of LPG Global Carbon produced /Yr

 

Carbon tax:

Picture of carbon tax

 

http://i68.tinypic.com/2vlrwx2.jpg

 

http://carbonsolutions.com/Calculator.php

 

LPG produced per year:

Picture of LPG produced per year

http://i63.tinypic.com/2llzwbs.jpg

 

http://www.poten.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/LPG-in-World-Markets-Jan-2016.pdf

 

AXIAL FLOW PUMP and line drop:

 

Picture of flow curve

http://i65.tinypic.com/nz3jts.jpg

 

http://www.ensival-moret.com/-products-CAHRM-CAHRK-?lang=en

 

Pressure Drop Online-Calculator

 

Picture of calculation

 

http://i66.tinypic.com/5ed36o.jpg

 

http://www.pressure-drop.com/Online-Calculator/

 

Picture of KE calculation

 

http://i63.tinypic.com/2n1do54.jpg

Edited December 31, 2016 by Ken123

[Ken123]

Update to global warming concept goal drawing

Competition between global warming Earth's energy

 

...A collapse of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) leads to global cooling through fast feedbacks that selectively amplify the response in the Northern Hemisphere (NH). How such cooling competes with global warming has long been a topic for speculation, but was never addressed using a climate model. Here it is shown that global cooling due to a collapsing AMOC obliterates global warming for a period of 15–20 years...

 

Some indications of freshwater effects.

 

...One of the characteristics of the AMOC shutdown is a TOA radiation anomaly associated with increased ocean heat uptake24,25,26. In coupled climate models a shutdown of the AMOC is artificially forced by releasing large amounts of freshwater in the North Atlantic27, motivated by the fact that climate models cannot yet correctly simulate past abrupt climate change including an AMOC collapse28, affecting the likelihood of simulating future abrupt climate change29,30. None of the previous freshwater hosing experiments investigated the competition between a complete, permanent AMOC collapse, and greenhouse gases forcing acting simultaneously. In one case the AMOC was collapsed during a transient greenhouse scenario run by applying a sudden large freshwater pulse over just one time-step31, after which the AMOC recovered from its collapse, leading to a different interplay between radiative forcing and ocean dynamics from what is discussed here. Here, the impact of an AMOC collapse is analysed from an experiment in which persistent hosing, forcing the AMOC to remain in a collapsed state, is combined with increasing CO2 forcing, focusing on how they modify the ocean heat uptake and TOA radiation imbalances, and how these anomalies translate into different surface warming signals...

 

Competition between global warming and an abrupt collapse of the AMOC in Earth’s energy imbalance

 

Published online: 06 October 2015

 

 

http://www.nature.com/articles/srep14877

 

 

[Ken123]

I think you are on the right track. Phytoplankton perform a very important task of providing most of the world's oxygen, sequestering CO2 and seeding clouds by creating condensation nuclei, from the sulphur compounds they produce, that end up above the ocean surface, increasing the planet's albedo. They help reflect UV rays away from the Earth and keep it cooler. They are a very critical part of the Earth's homoestatic mechanism from what I can see.

 

Algae are the most fundamental organism and every single higher organism relies on them, directly or indirectly. Even viruses need them because if they have no hosts they cannot replicate. The solution to helping mitigate climate change and the burden of increasing human population seems to be to increase their presence.

Kind of ran with your idea and may have found a way of aerating the mechanical upwelling water. Any thoughts would be greatly appreciated. Please see pictures below.

 

One example:

 

O2 for oceans at different depths.

The system will have 6 eductors and 3 eductors on one side can be set for discharge to sunlight reach depth and 3 on the other side can be set for settling in the thermocline. Note, to settle at the thermocline the eductor has to have full aeration so there is no ocean water mixing and water temperature will be close to thermocline water temperature of 1,100 ft */-.

Abstract

 

Global warming can be reduced by plankton growth, which provides a sizeable contribution to decreasing atmosphere temperatures. Plankton growth comes by four means, natural ocean upwelling of nutrient-rich ocean water (A process in which deep, cold water rises toward the surface), increased ocean upwelling from global warming, mechanical simulation of waters upwelling from the ocean depth and if necessary, limited iron fertilization for reducing global warming. Reducing global warming by a concept of mechanical simulation of ocean upwelling is described in this book. By lifting ocean water from 1,100 feet below sea level to the ocean surface a plankton bloom will be formed. Flow from the mechanical lift will have oxygen added thru vortex aeration, ventures and eductors with the eductors mixing upwelling water with ocean water and air, then discharging at 100 KGPM or about 500 square miles per year at a depth of 6 Inches. One method of mixing will discharge at 66 f and settle 500 ft below sea level with same ocean water properties or higher because heating from surrounding waters . Sunlight travels 650 ft deep and plankton can grow at this depth. A 500 HP pump (Size of a large truck engine) is needed to do this and please see attached sketches. This concept will provide plankton blooms by way of nutrients and oxygen-rich (Because of aeration) cold waters mixed with the ocean, thus sequestering CO₂ from the atmosphere and reducing global warming. If the system could be installed on oil platforms, cost will be reduced. And If interested in demonstrating this concept by lab simulation or other means, please contact me at pfsfst@cox.net or at my website.

 

Eductor operation

Eductor vacuum will change as a function of aeration flow change and this changing vacuum regulates eductor input water flow. For full aeration flow, input water flow to the eductor is 0 GPM and for no aeration flow, input water flow is maximum.

 

Three examples:

 

· For the sized eductor/aeration flow with motive water flow scaled to 1 and input water flow scaled to 1 (See 2. below).

· For no aeration flow, input water flow is greater than 1 (See 1. below).

· For full aeration flow, input water flow is 0 GPM (See 3. below).

 

1. For no eductor aeration flow and motive water flow of 1, input water flow is greater than 1. Eductor discharge temperature will be greater than 18.5 C (About 65 f) and will settle above 150 M depth (About 500 ft). Sunlight travels 200 M (656 ft) deep and plankton can grow at this depth.

 

2. For the sized eductor/aeration flow with motive water flow of 1 and input water flow of 1, eductor discharge temperature will be 18.5 C (About 65 f) and flow will settle at 150 M depth (500 ft). Sunlight travels 200 M (650 ft) deep and plankton can grow at this depth.

 

3. For eductor full aeration flow and motive water flow of 1, input water flow is 0 GPM. Eductor discharge temperature will be 16 C (About 61 f) and will settle at 335 M depth (About 1,100 ft). Sunlight travels 200 M (650 ft) deep and plankton cannot grow at this depth.

Edited January 25, 2017 by Ken123