The 'Hydrino State' of H: Real or Imaginary?

[MetaFrizzics]

I am posting this interesting paper as a background to talk about this:

 

Hydrino Article

[Severian]

It is actually quite interesting. I am a bit confused though, as to why he can use the KG equation for the energy levels of electrons, which are obviously fermions and therfore obey the Dirac Equation, not the KG equation. This is probably something do do with the KG equation being the square of the Dirac equation, but it doesn't seem a very rigourous argument.

 

I had to chuckle at his inability to write \nabla...

[MetaFrizzics]

To me the slippery bit is:

Is it an axiom...that the spinor solns (Dirac) are square integrable? ..or is DE just a convenient way to handle KG and is the basic requirement that the soln of the latter is square integral?

His question as to the effect of extension in space of the proton is also exciting (I think).

 

I don't think the Belgians can pronounce 'nabla'. It ends up with a carrot over one of the vowels or something like runes.

[froarty]

It is actually quite interesting. I am a bit confused though, as to why he can use the KG equation for the energy levels of electrons, which are obviously fermions and therfore obey the Dirac Equation, not the KG equation. This is probably something do do with the KG equation being the square of the Dirac equation, but it doesn't seem a very rigourous argument.

 

I had to chuckle at his inability to write \nabla...

 

looks like I am following a 4 year old path!!

http://www.scienceblog.com/cms/comment/reply/19440

I did email Jan to see if he would clarify the physical application to his math which I tried to animate in the above blog

Fran

[froarty]

Fractional states do not exist in 4D and the hydrino is “unphysical” but in the same way as the Twin Paradox from physics 101 and the results of time dilation and Lorentz contraction on chemistry inside the cavity are very real when the hydrogen exits the cavity. I am convinced that the hydrino only exists relativistically and the entire controversy to date has been semantics. Both sides are correct, In any case the validations now confirm the mechanism exists and therefore the theory becomes even more important from the perspective of IP and optimizing the effect. I think the Haisch – Moddel patent has the advantage here and the company should really be examining the funding issue as a priority. Mill’s use of a skeletal catalyst instead of “feed through” array makes the reaction much less likely to escape the cascade. If it can’t escape it must continue to oscillate between monatomic and molecular states until it combusts or destroys the parallel plate geometry. My “relative proposal” isn’t that far fetched if you consider the following:

 

 

 

Randell Mills’ founder of Black Light Power claims a fractional quantum state of hydrogen he coins "hydrino" which is formed inside skeletal catalyst Rayney nickel and has up to 137 fractional quantum states. The hydrino is claimed to produce much more heat energy than chemistry can explain. This claim is still disputed by the mainstream but on August 12, 2009 Rowan University faculty and staff announced validation using their own materials and simplified method which promises to expedite replications.

 

In 2005 a math paper by Jan Naudts contends that fractional quantum state argument against hydrino state overlooks relativistic solutions. This bolsters claim by Randell Mills that disassociated hydrogen diffused into skeletal catalyst can release excess heat. I will attempt to make the case that similar to the “Twin Paradox” in Physics 101. Hydrogen outside the cavity has equivalent motion relative to the shielded hydrogen inside the cavity. This results in hydrogen exiting the cavity older than hydrogen which did not diffuse through the cavity. Hydrogen inside the cavity performs many more reactions through time dilation and Lorentz contraction then could be performed outside the cavity for the time period the hydrogen was inside.

 

In 2007 Ronald Bourgoin published a paper that showed the general wave equation predicts exactly the 137 inverse principal quantum levels claimed by Mills. His equations use a 4D coordinate system suggesting the orbital could appear to collapse spatially below the Bohr radius because the “displacement” to the nucleus is partially converted to the time axis. The fractional quantum radius only exists from our 3D perspective outside the cavity observing the hydrino inside. The Bourgoin solutions suggest Mills hydrino only exists relative to an observer outside the Casimir cavity. Inside the cavity hydrogen atoms are unaware the t coordinate of their (X, Y, Z, t) position has changed in the same way that the earth bound twin is unaware of his multiple second per second existence relative to the twin approaching an event horizon (C through equivalence). Only when the still young twin returns to earth or the now “old” hydrogen exits the cavity is the difference apparent.

 

Christian Beck and Michael Mackey publish papers, "Measurability of vacuum fluctuations and dark energy" and "Electromagnetic dark energy" relating virtual photons with frequency less than 2 THz are more gravitationally active than those above. Their claims are presently only theoretical awaiting experimental evidence. My theory hinges heavily on their as yet unperformed experiments to prove slower virtual photons are more gravitationally active. This would establish my premise that the ratio of slow to fast virtual photons reflect changes in space time such as an event horizon compared to deep space.

 

Thomas Prevenslik paper denying Casimir effect explains Casimir force instead through QED “up-conversion”, this method requires nature to up convert IR >> VUV per conservation of energy. If my relativistic theory is correct then all frequencies inside the cavity are up converted together through time dilation including the 2Thz virtual photons Beck proposes to be more gravitationally active. Similar to the Twin Paradox the entire spectrum inside the cavity “ages” at multiple seconds per second relative to outside the cavity. From our perspective this results in “relative” up conversion of all frequencies inside the cavity.

 

I posit the ratio of virtual photons ( >2 THz) / ( <2 THz) decreases approaching an event horizon to reflect Beck’s theory that slower virtual photons are more gravitationally active. The “up-conversion” in a Casimir cavity if relativistic would up convert all frequencies including virtual photons from our perspective outside the cavity, but the increased ratio of fast to slow virtual photons is now in the opposite direction creating a gravity “Hill” or lack of gravitationally active virtual photons as opposed to a gravity “Well”. This effect would be Omni directional in normal matter and quickly average out but in Casimir plates is directional and sums to create very local differentials where the shielded areas can be concentrated between two plates. These gravitational hills then see the normal space outside the cavity as down hill from their perspective just as we see an event horizon. The stage is now set for equivalence without the astronomical distances or crushing gravity of an event horizon. Although flat space doesn’t have the resistance to time flow of an event horizon it does still have a certain default fraction thereof, the shielded hydrogen inside the cavity however only experiences a small fraction of this default value based on Casimir geometry resulting in equivalent acceleration between hydrogen inside the cavity vs. outside. This has the unlikely consequence of time dilation and Lorentz contraction occurring to hydrogen inside the cavity relative to outside the cavity. The correct choice of material and geometry (Rayney nickel) can then act as a membrane to preferentially scale only the monatomic gas (Mills and Moddel) into what appears from our perspective to be increasingly smaller geometry where molecular gas can not follow, Then if these fractional atoms form a fractional molecule they become trapped just like the molecular gas left behind at the entrance when the atoms started diffusing into the increasingly smaller geometry of the cavity walls. The difference is that these fractional molecules that don’t even perceive themselves as fractional are trapped inside the membrane and when diffused by gas law will have their molecular bond broken by the confinement restoring monatomic energy levels and allowing the atoms to change to the new fractional value before finding another fractional atom to recombine into a different fractional molecule and give off the freely acquired energy as a photon. The cycle then cascades until the gas escapes or the heat destroys the cavity.

[froarty]

It is actually quite interesting. I am a bit confused though, as to why he can use the KG equation for the energy levels of electrons, which are obviously fermions and therfore obey the Dirac Equation, not the KG equation. This is probably something do do with the KG equation being the square of the Dirac equation, but it doesn't seem a very rigourous argument.

 

I had to chuckle at his inability to write \nabla...

 

Severian, he missed the most rigorous support because the math was not really solving for a fractional state which we know can't exist. I suggest the overlooked relativistic solution Naudts mentions in criticsm of Rathke was exactly what the math was solving for and the fractional values represent scaling between inertial frames, this supports use of K-G because like photons you can now have electrons occupying the same spatial coordinates and states but separated by time. The math is beyond me but A 1996 paper "Cavity QED* " by Zofia Bialynicka-Birula addresses this with the destruction of isotropy inside a cavity and resulting effect on invariance under transformations of the Poincare group which I believe supports the equation selection by Naudts and Bourgoin and also establishes the relativistic nature of their solutions.