What is Ground in electricity?

[Mitko Gorgiev]

“Ground” (GND) is such an enormously confusing term on the field of electricity, so that if one doesn’t go back to the basics, the confusion can become only worse.

First, I want to say that the word “ground” is absolutely not well-chosen word for what it should represent in the field of electricity. Much more appropriate is the German word “Masse” (which means “mass”). To the word “mass” for a better understanding I would add electrically conductive mass. With this I don’t want to say that the confusion in the German literature is lesser, but only that this word is more luckily chosen one.

Here I will compare the electric current through a metal wire with wind (through a pipe).

If a fan without internal drive stands on the way of the wind, then the fan is turning. We can simulate this by taking a small fan (like those in computers) and a hair dryer. We bring the turned-on hair dryer close to the fan. It starts to turn in one direction. If we bring a turned-on vacuum cleaner close to it, then it starts to turn in the contrary direction. But if we attach the fan to a wall and then bring the hair dryer or the vacuum cleaner close to it, it will not turn. The reason is that behind the fan there is no space filled with air in which the flux can spread or from where it can suction.
Exactly the same happens with the electric flux. When we touch with a finger the end of the phase tester (one-contact neon test light) (the other end touches the phase), our body is becoming the "air space", actually the mass with sufficient electrical conductivity whereto the flux can spread or wherefrom it can suction and consequently the lamp lights up. [ The phase tester is a series connection of a resistor and a small neon lamp. ]
If the fan in the above-mentioned example is a little away from the wall, then it turns slowly. The farther it is away from the wall, the faster it turns, until it reaches the maximum speed. The further removal has no influence on the turning speed. Let’s compare this to the phase tester (PT). If we attach a small piece of metal wire on the back end of the PT, then the lamp lights up weakly (we hold the PT on its plastic part, hence our body in this case has no influence on the phenomena). The longer or the thicker the wire is (or both at the same time), the stronger the lamp shines, until it reaches the maximum. The further increasing of the wire volume has no influence on the lamp brightness. [We can do the same experiment with an incandescent bulb if we connect it to a larger mass.]

These are the basics of the concept called “Mass”. From here we see that for the current to flow through a metal wire, no closed circuit is needed. I can cite books on electrical engineering where already on their first page it is said that for the current to flow, a closed electric circuit is needed.

The so-called protective conductor (protective earthing – PE) or popularly called “grounding” (the wire with yellow and green color together in Europe) leads to a metal plate buried in moist ground near the transformer or elsewhere. The purpose of this conductor is mainly for electrical devices that have a metal housing (washing machines, cookers, refrigerators etc.) It is possible for a phase wire inside the device to come unhooked or the plastic insulation to be damaged and the wire to touch the metal housing. In that case, the whole housing becomes a phase, that is, potential danger. To avoid this, the protective conductor is attached to the housing. If the phase somehow comes in touch with the housing, then the protective conductor becomes a large mass for the phase’s potential, a strong current begins to flow to the ground, the fuse in the installation blows out and interrupts the current, thus removing the danger.

In electronic circuits, the minus-rail of the battery is often called Ground (Masse in German). This is also very confusing, because ground/Masse is not a source of electrical potential, whereas the minus-pole of the battery it is.
In the field of electronics much more appropriate would be the word “Reference point” or “Common”.

The metal chassis of a car is unfortunately also called Ground. The car chassis is connected to the minus-pole of the car-battery and it serves as a returning path for the current to save on wires. Take for example the lamp in the trunk. From the battery’s plus-pole goes a wire to this lamp, then the current flows through the chassis back to the minus-pole of the battery. Thereby the current finds the shortest path through the chassis to that pole, i.e., the path of lowest resistance.

[studiot]

1 hour ago, Mitko Gorgiev said:

“Ground” (GND) is such an enormously confusing term on the field of electricity, so that if one doesn’t go back to the basics, the confusion can become only worse.

First, I want to say that the word “ground” is absolutely not well-chosen word for what it should represent in the field of electricity. Much more appropriate is the German word “Masse” (which means “mass”). To the word “mass” for a better understanding I would add electrically conductive mass. With this I don’t want to say that the confusion in the German literature is lesser, but only that this word is more luckily chosen one.

Here I will compare the electric current through a metal wire with wind (through a pipe).

If a fan without internal drive stands on the way of the wind, then the fan is turning. We can simulate this by taking a small fan (like those in computers) and a hair dryer. We bring the turned-on hair dryer close to the fan. It starts to turn in one direction. If we bring a turned-on vacuum cleaner close to it, then it starts to turn in the contrary direction. But if we attach the fan to a wall and then bring the hair dryer or the vacuum cleaner close to it, it will not turn. The reason is that behind the fan there is no space filled with air in which the flux can spread or from where it can suction.
Exactly the same happens with the electric flux. When we touch with a finger the end of the phase tester (one-contact neon test light) (the other end touches the phase), our body is becoming the "air space", actually the mass with sufficient electrical conductivity whereto the flux can spread or wherefrom it can suction and consequently the lamp lights up. [ The phase tester is a series connection of a resistor and a small neon lamp. ]
If the fan in the above-mentioned example is a little away from the wall, then it turns slowly. The farther it is away from the wall, the faster it turns, until it reaches the maximum speed. The further removal has no influence on the turning speed. Let’s compare this to the phase tester (PT). If we attach a small piece of metal wire on the back end of the PT, then the lamp lights up weakly (we hold the PT on its plastic part, hence our body in this case has no influence on the phenomena). The longer or the thicker the wire is (or both at the same time), the stronger the lamp shines, until it reaches the maximum. The further increasing of the wire volume has no influence on the lamp brightness. [We can do the same experiment with an incandescent bulb if we connect it to a larger mass.]

These are the basics of the concept called “Mass”. From here we see that for the current to flow through a metal wire, no closed circuit is needed. I can cite books on electrical engineering where already on their first page it is said that for the current to flow, a closed electric circuit is needed.

The so-called protective conductor (protective earthing – PE) or popularly called “grounding” (the wire with yellow and green color together in Europe) leads to a metal plate buried in moist ground near the transformer or elsewhere. The purpose of this conductor is mainly for electrical devices that have a metal housing (washing machines, cookers, refrigerators etc.) It is possible for a phase wire inside the device to come unhooked or the plastic insulation to be damaged and the wire to touch the metal housing. In that case, the whole housing becomes a phase, that is, potential danger. To avoid this, the protective conductor is attached to the housing. If the phase somehow comes in touch with the housing, then the protective conductor becomes a large mass for the phase’s potential, a strong current begins to flow to the ground, the fuse in the installation blows out and interrupts the current, thus removing the danger.

In electronic circuits, the minus-rail of the battery is often called Ground (Masse in German). This is also very confusing, because ground/Masse is not a source of electrical potential, whereas the minus-pole of the battery it is.
In the field of electronics much more appropriate would be the word “Reference point” or “Common”.

The metal chassis of a car is unfortunately also called Ground. The car chassis is connected to the minus-pole of the car-battery and it serves as a returning path for the current to save on wires. Take for example the lamp in the trunk. From the battery’s plus-pole goes a wire to this lamp, then the current flows through the chassis back to the minus-pole of the battery. Thereby the current finds the shortest path through the chassis to that pole, i.e., the path of lowest resistance.

I like this solidly subject for a Science website, instead of all that political claptrap. +1

 

I lke to distinguish three distince uses for an 'earth' in electricity.

All three satisfy a common definition in electrical circuit theory.
Note 'circuit theory' here refers configurations of electrical 'circuit elements', whether they contain a complete loop or not.

1) As a protective element.

2) As a refernce element for voltages.

3) As a shielding element against electromagnetic fields.

 

All three uses can be described by a "single terminal element whose potential (voltage) does not change. regardless of the current input or output to that element."

Note this is different from a voltage source which is a two terminal element.

Of course such an element is an 'ideal element', like most other elements.

So there are no perfect earths in real world practice, only better or worse approximations.

 

I think this covers all your examples, and then some.

Equally I see no reason for this to be a speculation but as a reasonable comment and soruce of discussion on everday practice.

Edited July 9, 2022 by studiot

[swansont]

In some instances, circuits are connected to objects (stakes or pipes) that literally go into the ground. This dates back to telegraphs circuits, ~200 years ago. The terminology isn’t going to change; that it doesn’t make sense to one (or a few) people doesn’t carry much weight against something that’s been used for so long.

”Mass” is a term from mechanics, and I’d wager that a lot of people would be confused by its use in electrical descriptions. Especially in some scenarios where both were present and you wouldn’t know which mass was meant.

[Endy0816]

 

The Earth isn't actually fixed at zero we just treat it as such. Sometimes it's potential can rise however and pose a risk.

Also have the Earth itself serving as half the loop at times.

Edited July 10, 2022 by Endy0816

[Mitko Gorgiev]

On 7/9/2022 at 1:49 PM, studiot said:

2) As a reference element for voltages.

Connect one probe of a voltmeter to a phase wire (220-240 V). Connect the other probe to a not very large metal body that is completely insulated from the ground. 
The voltmeter shows, let's say, 10-20 V. 
Increase the volume of the metal body. As you increase it, the voltage rises.
When the metal body is pretty large, the instrument shows 220-240 V.
The further increase of the metal body's volume doesn't affect the number of volts.

I can stick a piece of copper wire of 1 meter into the Earth and between it and a phase wire connect a voltmeter.
It will show zero volts.

Then what the heck of reference point is the ground?

[studiot]

13 hours ago, Mitko Gorgiev said:

Connect one probe of a voltmeter to a phase wire (220-240 V). Connect the other probe to a not very large metal body that is completely insulated from the ground. 
The voltmeter shows, let's say, 10-20 V. 
Increase the volume of the metal body. As you increase it, the voltage rises.
When the metal body is pretty large, the instrument shows 220-240 V.
The further increase of the metal body's volume doesn't affect the number of volts.

I can stick a piece of copper wire of 1 meter into the Earth and between it and a phase wire connect a voltmeter.
It will show zero volts.

Then what the heck of reference point is the ground?

 

How is any of this relevant to your OP question ?

None of it is at variance with what I said, though it may be a dangerous practice.

Edited July 11, 2022 by studiot

[Mitko Gorgiev]

3 hours ago, studiot said:

How is any of this relevant to your OP question?

I can have "Ground" without the Earth.

The metal body which I speak of in my last reply can levitate in the space.

 

[dimreepr]

4 minutes ago, Mitko Gorgiev said:

I can have "Ground" without the Earth.

The metal body which I speak of in my last reply can levitate in the space.

 

My car can do that... 😉

[studiot]

1 hour ago, Mitko Gorgiev said:

I can have "Ground" without the Earth.

The metal body which I speak of in my last reply can levitate in the space.

 

 

'Earth' tends to be british terminology and 'ground' american terminology for the same thing.

I'm sorry if I introduced that confusion into the thread.

There is also separate symbol for chassis, as opposed to either earth or ground.

Further an earth can be an AC earth or a DC earth or both in circuit theory. This is very common.

Symbols also vary on this.

http://lednique.com/ground-earth-chassis/

 

Edited July 11, 2022 by studiot