Calculation of the proton magnetic moment from the mass defect

[vova]

The proton model according to particle physics is seriously threatened by properties of the proton detected by experiments in the last two decades.

The drama of the current proton model is that it was developed from the principle of symmetry, and therefore it is impossible to explain a recently discovered property of the proton, which requires the proton to have an asymmetric structure. We will talk about this enigma, which invalidates the current proton model, at the end of this topic, after showing the calculation of the proton's magnetic moment, through a new model, which, in addition to being asymmetric, has another property that does not exist in the current model of proton: in this new model, the quarks have an angular momentum, which does not exist in the current model, because in this new model of proton, the quarks rotate at a speed close to that of light around the Z-axis that passes through the center of the proton.

This lack of angular momentum in the current proton model has also introduced other puzzles that challenge the model, including one stemming from a 1987 experiment that detected that quarks can contribute only 25% of the proton's spin. In 2014 Nuclear Physics B published an article [Nocera E.R., Ball R.D., Forte S., Ridolfi G., Rojo J. (2014). nucl. Phys. B], where the authors show that, from a structure of protons with quarks interacting via Yukawa interaction, there is no way to find an asymmetry capable of supplying the differences detected in the experiments. That's why theorists nowadays try to solve this puzzle by assuming that the gluons are responsible for the asymmetry in the proton's structure.

 

New structure of the proton

Proton structure is at Figure 5. Gluons are not shown, because there is no need to consider them as contributors for the proton asymmetric structure (indispensable for the explanation of production of W boson in polarized beam of protons in scattering experiments) as will be shown. The down quark crosses orthogonally the magnetic lines of the magnetic field induced by the rotation of the two up quarks. As is known, when an electric charge is moving rectilinearly, but suddenly it enters in a magnetic field, in a way that it crosses orthogonally the lines of the field, the charge starts to move with circular motion. That’s why the down quark gets its orbital angular momentum inside the structure of the quark, L= m.v.R. The same happens with the up quarks, since they cross orthogonally the magnetic lines of the magnetic field induced by the down quark.

Fig 5. Structure of the proton, with the three quarks moving in circular trajectory around the Z-axis. Each u-quark is formed by one fermion of the quantum vacuum with charge +2e/3, and the d-quark is formed by one fermion with charge –e/3.

Analyzing the proton structure in the Figure 5, we note that:

a)   At the top (inside the green rectangle) is shown that positive spin s=+½ of quarks has counter-clockwise rotation

b)  Inside the big yellow down arrow, the spin of d-quark is due to its rotation around the Y-axis. The unity of positive spin s= +½ is due to the d-quark moving with counter-clockwise rotation (if d-quark would have clockwise rotation, its spin would be negative, s= -½).

c)   Inside the structure of proton (blue sphere), d-quark has counter-clockwise orbital motion around the X-axis, and negative spin s= -½ around Y-axis. If it had positive spin s= +½, its contribution for the proton magnetic moment would be negative. But because it has s= -½, its contribution is positive.

d)  Regarding up quark U1 and d-quark:

·   Both them have orbital motion around the Z-axis in counter-clockwise direction.

·   They have contrary spins

·   So, if they had the same sign of charge, they would have tendency to cancel each other their magnetic moments.

·   But as U1 has positive charge, and d-quark negative, both them contribute for a positive magnetic moment.

e)   Up quarks U1 and U2 have contrary spins. Then:

·        If they were moving in the same direction around the Z-axis, they would cancel each other their magnetic moments.

·        But as they move in contrary direction, they add their contribution for a positive magnetic moment.

f)   Therefore, all the three quarks contribute for a positive magnetic moment.

g)  The two u-quarks have contrary spins, and contrary orbital angular momentum, and therefore they do not contribute for the total spin of the proton.

h)  The d-quark has rotation with radius Re(-) around its own spinning center (Y-axis), and it with radius Rd= 2Re(-) around the Z-axis of the proton.

 

 Calculation of the proton magnetic moment from the mass defect

The masses of the u and d quarks, measured by experiments, are respectively 2,3+0,7;-0,5 and 4,8+-,5;-0,3 MeV/c². Will be used 2.45 and 5.35 MeV/c². 

As the two u-quarks cancel each other their contribution for the spin of the proton, there is no need to know what are the values of their orbital angular momentum. However, their orbital motions contribute for the magnetic moment, and so there is need to know what is the value of their orbital radius Ru. This is calculated ahead.

The equilibrium between the magnetic and centrifugal forces on the d-quark is given by:

 

Proton spin puzzle solved

Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) is the only facility in the world capable of colliding spin-polarized protons. The experiments showed that, if some results are obtained from the collision of beams of protons with their spins aligned in a particular direction, the ability to flip the polarization supply different results, as for instance different rate of W bosons production. A 1987 experiment showed that quarks can account for only a small portion of a proton’s spin. The first measurement showed it was 0 percent, but later measurements suggested that quarks can contribute up to 25 percent of the proton’s total spin. Those different results imply that there is need to have an asymmetry in the proton’s structure.

In 2014 Nuclear Physics B published a paper [14], where the authors show that, from a structure of proton with the quarks interacting via the Yukawa’s interaction, there is no way to find an asymmetry capable to supply the differences detected in the experiments. That’s why nowadays the theorists are trying to solve such puzzle by supposing that gluons are responsible for the asymmetry in the structure of the proton.

From the asymmetric proton’s structure seen in the Figure 5, one realizes the puzzle can be explained, because:

1-     The up quark U-1 and the down quark have their translation movements in the same direction.

2-     The mass of up quark is half of that of the down quark

3-     The orbit radius of the up quark around the center of the proton is 2.5 times shorter than that of the down quark, and as they move with the same velocity, then the up quark performs a complete revolution in a time 2.5 times shorter than that spent by the down quark

4-     The distribution of charges in rotation is asymmetric, because there are two charges (+2/3 and -1/3) moving in counter-clockwise direction, and one charge +2/3 moving in clockwise direction.

 

 

Attempting to explain experiments that require an asymmetric structure of the proton, such as this:

Theorists nowadays try to solve this puzzle by assuming that the gluons are responsible for the asymmetry in the proton's structure

seems to make no sense, because:

1- all physics, as well as nuclear physics, was developed from the principle of symmetry

2- so why wouldn't gluons obey the principle of symmetry?

.

 

 

 

 

Edited March 1, 2023 by vova

[Markus Hanke]

Why do you keep posting this nonsense all over the forum? You have already been told to stop several times.

Reported.