Specifications of microwaves used to entangle macroscopic oscillators?

[Methaneontitan]

The article in the attached file says that microwaves were used to create a quantum entanglement between two macroscopic mechanical oscillators. But what is the specifications of the microwaves used? Wavelength, intensity, whether it is lidar-level specific or a range of frequencies that can be produced by common microwave sources, and so on?

 

[exchemist]

  On 3/20/2025 at 6:32 AM, Methaneontitan said:

The article in the attached file says that microwaves were used to create a quantum entanglement between two macroscopic mechanical oscillators. But what is the specifications of the microwaves used? Wavelength, intensity, whether it is lidar-level specific or a range of frequencies that can be produced by common microwave sources, and so on?

 

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If you want a reply you need to post the relevant text here. It's one of the forum rules that readers should not have to good off-site to open files from unknown sources. Is this an extract from an online journal? If so you could post a link to that.  

[swansont]

!

Moderator Note

I've removed the attachment, as it was a .htm file which does not comply with rule 2.7

If you want to post a link, do so, but the salient details should be posted here. Including the article title, authors, and abstract 

 

[Methaneontitan]

  On 3/20/2025 at 11:57 AM, swansont said:

!

Moderator Note

I've removed the attachment, as it was a .htm file which does not comply with rule 2.7

If you want to post a link, do so, but the salient details should be posted here. Including the article title, authors, and abstract 

 

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Title: Direct observation of deterministic macroscopic entanglement

Authors: Shlomi Kotler, Gabriel A. Peterson, Ezad Shojaee, Florent Lecocq, Katatina Cicak, Alex Kwiatkowski, Shawn Geller, Scott Glancy, Emanuel Knill, Raymond W. Simmonds, José Aumentado and John D. Teufel.

 

Abstract: Quantum entanglement of mechanical systems emerges when distinct objects move with such a high degree of correlation that they can no longer be described separately. Although quantum mechanics presumably applies to objects of all sizes, directly observing entanglement becomes challenging as masses increase, requiring measurement and control with a vanishingly small error. Here, using pulsed electromechanics, we deterministically entangle two mechanical drumheads with masses of 70 picograms. Through nearly quantum-limited measurements of the position and momentum quadratures of both drums, we perform quantum state tomography and thereby directly observe entanglement. Such entangled macroscopic systems are poised to serve in fundamental tests of quantum mechanics, enable sensing beyond the standard quantum limit, and function as long-lived nodes of future quantum networks.

 

Link: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abf2998

 

So, what are the specifications of the microwaves in the experiment?

[exchemist]

  On 3/20/2025 at 2:03 PM, Methaneontitan said:

Title: Direct observation of deterministic macroscopic entanglement

Authors: Shlomi Kotler, Gabriel A. Peterson, Ezad Shojaee, Florent Lecocq, Katatina Cicak, Alex Kwiatkowski, Shawn Geller, Scott Glancy, Emanuel Knill, Raymond W. Simmonds, José Aumentado and John D. Teufel.

 

Abstract: Quantum entanglement of mechanical systems emerges when distinct objects move with such a high degree of correlation that they can no longer be described separately. Although quantum mechanics presumably applies to objects of all sizes, directly observing entanglement becomes challenging as masses increase, requiring measurement and control with a vanishingly small error. Here, using pulsed electromechanics, we deterministically entangle two mechanical drumheads with masses of 70 picograms. Through nearly quantum-limited measurements of the position and momentum quadratures of both drums, we perform quantum state tomography and thereby directly observe entanglement. Such entangled macroscopic systems are poised to serve in fundamental tests of quantum mechanics, enable sensing beyond the standard quantum limit, and function as long-lived nodes of future quantum networks.

 

Link: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abf2998

 

So, what are the specifications of the microwaves in the experiment?

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Details are given in the paper. See notes to Fig 1. which define f_c, f_m1 and f_m2. The system is simultaneously irradiated with 2 frequencies:  f_c+ f_m1 and  f_c- f_m2. 

I'm unclear why you could not see this. 

[Methaneontitan]

  On 3/20/2025 at 2:53 PM, exchemist said:

Details are given in the paper. See notes to Fig 1. which define f_c, f_m1 and f_m2. The system is simultaneously irradiated with 2 frequencies:  f_c+ f_m1 and  f_c- f_m2. 

I'm unclear why you could not see this. 

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The note defines f_c as 6.0806 GHz, f_m1 as 10.9 MHz and f_m2 as 15.9 MHz. I see no addition of f_c to f_m1 or subtraction of f_m2 from f_c in the note. It appears in the note as if f_c was something they created together. What frequencies were the drums irradiated with in order to create the entanglement in the first place, and is lidar-level narrowness of the frequency band necessary to create entanglement on demand? I am asking about the frequencies used to create the entanglement, not to demonstrate it.

[exchemist]

  On 3/20/2025 at 6:42 PM, Methaneontitan said:

The note defines f_c as 6.0806 GHz, f_m1 as 10.9 MHz and f_m2 as 15.9 MHz. I see no addition of f_c to f_m1 or subtraction of f_m2 from f_c in the note. It appears in the note as if f_c was something they created together. What frequencies were the drums irradiated with in order to create the entanglement in the first place, and is lidar-level narrowness of the frequency band necessary to create entanglement on demand? I am asking about the frequencies used to create the entanglement, not to demonstrate it.

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It's all described in the text. The note defines the 3 frequencies and the text explains how they were combined. 

The relevant section starts "To entangle the two drums, we irradiate the cavity with two pulses simultaneously......"

 

 

Edited March 20 by exchemist

[swansont]

  On 3/20/2025 at 2:03 PM, Methaneontitan said:

So, what are the specifications of the microwaves in the experiment?

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The frequencies are given, as are the pulse durations.

The power levels might be described in a previous paper; I notice several Teufel papers in the references.

I’m not sure what lidar has to do with your inquiry; they mention the microwave resonator; the frequency width is going to be determined by the details of that circuit.