Electromagnetic radiations - an alternate model

[finiter]

Based on the conjecture that matter has a fundamental particle having a fixed mass, fixed radius and a fixed energy, I have arrived at (1) an alternate model for electromagnetic radiations, (2) the internal structures of electron, proton and neutron, (3) a new kinetic theory of matter,and (4) a new model of the universe. I do not know whether this is the apt forum for presenting these. However, in this post, the proposed model for electromagnetic radiations is presented.

 

 

 

Electromagnetic radiations - an alternate model

The alternate model proposes that electromagnetic radiations are streams of extremely light particles moving at the speed 'c'. The motion ofthe particle is three-dimensional; it spirals around a circular axis and eventually returns to the original place. The spiral is highly elongated that its radius is negligibly small, compared to the radius of the circular axis.The space enclosed by the path of the particle can be visualized as a torus, the particle moving on its surface. The particle thus makes two revolutions simultaneously: it revolves around the circular axis, the primary revolution, and around the centre of the circular axis, the secondary revolution. The distance moved by the particle during one primary revolution can be regarded as its wavelength.

 

As the particle has a fixed kinetic energy, the three-dimensional motion is uniform. We know that for a uniform two-dimensional motion in a plane, the linear speed (the speed measured along the tangent) and the circular speed are equal. Therefore, for a uniform three-dimensional motion in space, the linear speed (the speed measured along the tangent to the helix), the circular speed (the speed measured along the outermost points of the helix) and the helical speed (the speed measured along the helix) should be equal. It canbe seen that the circle touching the outermost points of the helical path is a 'two-dimensional tangent' of the three-dimensional helix, and so the speed measured along this circle can be taken as the circular speed. The linear and helical speeds are always equal; so, the condition for a uniform three-dimensional motion is that the circular and helical speeds should be equal. For this, R should be equal to a²r/2, where R is the radius of thecircular axis, 'r', the radius of the helix, and 'a', the number of primary revolutions during a secondary revolution.

 

Though we have taken the helical motion to be uniform, it is not exactly uniform in very short intervals of time. The axis of the helix being circular, its turns are closer in the inner half. So the particle moves faster when it remains on the outer part of the helix and slower when in the inner part. These changes in the natural speed create a small charge or potential state in the particle. When the speed of the particle is equal to 'c', there is no charge and hence no electrostatic field. When the speed increases from 'c' to c+Dc and decreases back to 'c', there is a negative electrostatic field, and during the period when the speed changes from 'c' to c-Dc and back, there is a positive electrostatic field. Thus during each primary revolution, positive and negative fields are created alternately, and the strengths of the fields change from zero to the maximum and then to zero again.The particle has thus a variable charge, and so, its motion creates a varying magnetic field.

 

Such particles integrate into systems due to attractive interaction similar to strong nuclear force. The primary integration is in the form of pairs in which the two occupy diametrically opposite positions in the helix so that when one has excess energy, the other has shortage of energy, and thus the pair has always the natural energy. The primary revolutions of the two particles can now be viewed as the rotational motion of the pair. The pairs move in streams, the distance between pairs remaining a constant. As each pair would be rotating as it moves, a single stream creates a pair of three-dimensional wavepatterns. A large number of such streams can be accommodated in the space occupied by a single path. As the number of streams increases, the wavelength of the pattern decreases, and the pairs come closer. Because of the interactions, the relative positions of the pairs will not be arbitrary. Hence,the distance between the pairs will be uniform, the wavelength of the pattern will correspond to the number of streams, and the number of particles in a wavelet will be a constant. Such systems of streams constitute radiations, and thus we get radiations of different wavelengths.

 

The system of streams is not continuous, but contains quantized units. A quantum can be visualized as a hollow cylinder having a certain length and containing a certain number of particles, the particles remaining on the surface of the cylinder. The quantum-lengthis the same for all radiations. However, the number of particles in the quantum (and hence the energy of the quantum) depends on the number of streams. Each stream contributes a single pair to each quantum. Therefore, the distance between quanta is equal to the distance between the pairs in a single stream.Considering the symmetry, we can take the quantum-length to be half that distance. Thus, there is gap of one quantum-length between quanta. The quanta are thus well-separated physical units – a single ray is a chain of quanta moving along a circular path. Thus, radiations having different wavelengths, and having energy corresponding to their wavelengths, are formed from the basic particles.

 

Now, we shall see, what happens to the electrical and magnetic fields when the particles form pairs and wave patterns. When a particle has excess energy, its pair will have a shortage of energy; that is, one will have a negative charge and the other a positive charge. The electrical field line of the pair can be taken as a line starting from the one having shortage of energy and ending at the other. The magnetic field line can be taken as a pair of closed loops passing through the axis and each particle at right angles to the electrical field line. The electrical and magnetic fields are perpendicular to each other and the axis of motion is perpendicular to both. As the pair is rotating, the electrical field lines remain in various planes. The field line for the maximum force lies in the plane of the axis; in the plane perpendicular to it, the field is zero. If the field lines of the pairs in a wave pattern pair are resolved into two components, one in the plane of the axis and the other perpendicular to it, the perpendicular components get cancelled – when the field is increasing, theseare in one direction and when the field is decreasing, these are in the opposite direction. Therefore, only the components that remain in the plane of the axis survive. The net result is that there is a varying electric field in the plane of the axis and consequently a varying magnetic field in the vertical plane. A wave pattern pair thus creates an electromagnetic wave-pair, the wavelength of which is the same as that of the pattern. However, as it is a planar wave-pair with the crust of one remaining exactly opposite to the trough of theother, the wavelength will appear to be half. Therefore, we can take that the e-m wavelength of a radiation is equal to half the wavelength of its pattern.

 

The energy of a quantum is due to the kinetic energy of the particles and so it depends on the number of particles and this in turn, on the number of wavelets. A quantum may contain a fraction of a wavelet or a very large number of wavelets. If l is the e-m wavelength of a certain radiation, the wavelength of its wave pattern will be 2l. As the wave patterns occur in pairs, a quantum of that radiation will contain L/l wavelengths, where L is the quantum-length. If the number of particles in a wavelet is 'n', then, the number of particles in the given quantum will be nL/l.Therefore, the kinetic energy of the quantum is nLmc²/2l, that is, nLmcn/2, where 'n' is the frequency. Here, all except 'n' are the same for all radiations. Thus, it can be seen that the energy of a quantum depends entirely on the frequency of the radiation. So the equation for the energy of a quantum can be written as, hn = mc2/2, where 'h' is equal to nLmc/2. Here, 'h' is the Planck's constant – it can be seen that its dimensions agree with the existing ones.

 

 

 

 

Differences from the existingmodel:

 

The picture of the e-m radiation that we get from the alternate model resembles the existing model. However, there are some crucial differences, which are given below.

 

• In the proposed model, the fields are created by charged particles, whereas in the existing model, the fields are independent.

• The proposed model visualizes a circular path – the radiations eventually return to the place of origin. As the radius is very large, the effect of the circular path will be observable only in the case of very distant objects like quasars.

• In the proposed model, the electromagnetic wave is a wave-pair, and the direction of the field is always the same. The electrical field remains in the plane of the axis and is always directed outwards; changing the plane of the electrical field means changing the path of the ray to another plane. However, this does not create any differences in local observations, as the curvature of the path is extremely small.

• In the proposed model, the e-m spectrum is finite and non-continuous; it is a line spectrum, the energy difference between two adjacent lines being equal to the energy of a pair. The frequencies of the hitherto observed radiations lie within a certain range, implying that there may be a limit, and the spectrum may be actually finite.

• In the proposed model the energy possessed is kinetic energy given by the equation, E=mc²/2. In the existing model, energy is given as E=mc². So the mass of the quantum as per the proposed model will be double that of the present value. However, the actual mass of a quantum is not of much significance in the present set up.

 

 

The significance of thenew model:

 

If matter has a fundamental particle having energy as quality, then, as we have seen, the existence of electromagnetic radiations can be explained.The fields are associated with that particle and hence, there can be an inherent relation between energy and the basic forces of nature, making the unification of forces a possibility. The formation of electron, proton and neutron can be explained by visualizing suitable internal structures (this will be explained in a separate post in this forum, if allowed). If matter has a fundamental particle, and the integration can be explained logically, it implies that there may be a theory of every thing.

Edited August 5, 2011 by finiter