The Finiteness Theory : A new geometry of the universe

[finiter]

1. Spherical universe:

 

The universe is spherical; the galaxy clusters are the individual units. The natural energy of any cluster is mc²/2. However, due to energy transfer, the inner clusters have shortage of energy and the outer clusters have excess energy. Part of this energy is its speed and part internal energy. The speed- internal energy ratios of all clusters are the same at any given instant. The clusters are distributed uniformly, and the speed is directly proportional to the distance from the centre of the universe.

 

2. Thermodynamic process:

 

The expansion is a thermodynamic process involving internal and external energies of the clusters. The forces have no real role in the process. When internal energies change into speeds, the clusters move away from the centre, and when the speeds change back into internal energies, the clusters move inwards. Thus, the universe remains pulsating.

 

Just before expansion, the motion of a cluster is planar, in a plane perpendicular to the radius of the universe. As the expansion commences, the clusters move outwards and their motions become helical, the radius of the helix increasing as they move outwards. The outward component increases at a faster rate, and by the time expansion reaches halfway, both the components become equal. Thereafter, the outward component decreases and finally reaches zero. The motion thus becomes planar again, and the expansion comes to an end. Thereafter, the reverse process takes place.

 

3. Speedof light determines the limit:

 

The maximum speed of expansion is attained at halfway, and it is equal to 2c/p. A cluster at the exact boundary will move outwards (outward component) at that speed, the planar component is also the same. It will attain the speed 'c' when expansion comes to the end. However, no cluster can remain at the exact boundary. The clusters remain well within the boundary, and the maximum speed a cluster can attain is 0.65c. The speed of the cluster never reaches zero, and so the centre is empty. The clusters thus form a spherical shell. It takes12.85 billion years for the expansion to reach halfway (it is the proposed period of revolution of light).

 

4. Potential states:

 

At the beginning and end of expansion, the universe has potential states. At the beginning, they have high internal energies. This represents super-hot state. The (proposed) average temperature at that time corresponds to white-hot, nearly 5488K. At the end, all have high speeds; this represents the super-cold state, the average temperature, 5488 degrees below 0K. Therefore, at exact halfway, the average temperature will be 0K.