More linguistic questions

[Alfred001]

I'd really appreciate it if anyone could anyswer any of these questions:

 

1. What is the difference between idioms and phrasal lexemes?

 

 

2. What does Langacker's "schematization" and "abstraction" mean with regards to his schema - instance notion?

 

I've read different things about what the terms refer to.

 

 

3. I have to write an essay about paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations, and the only text I have available is Course in General Linguistics, but I think I'm expected to write about the current understanding of p&s relations.

 

What's troubling me is that I found the following quote on a website:

 

Quote: aussure's notion of 'associative' relations was broader and less formal than what is normally meant by 'paradigmatic' relations. He referred to 'mental association' and included perceived similarities in form (e.g. homophones) or meaning (e.g. synonyms). Such similarities were diverse and ranged from strong to slight, and might refer to only part of a word (such as a shared prefix or suffix). He noted that there was no end (or commonly agreed order) to such associations (Saussure 1983, 121-124; Saussure 1974, 123-126).

 

 

 

When they say "what is normally meant by 'paradigmatic'" are they refering to what is normally meant by paradigmatic today in linguistics or what is normally meant by paradigmatic in general? Meaning is it that linguists se paradigmatic relations in language today differently than the way FDS did?

 

If so, in what way is the idea different than FDS's original?

 

 

4. I'm supposed to write an essay on the subject of "Importance of meaning in all levels of linguistic analysis" and I'm stumped.

 

The only thing that occurs to me is that it's important for syntax because if we didn't include meaning in analysis of syntax we'd find sentences like the famous colorles green ideas acceptable.

 

 

5. In class we mentioned that there is some typicality and non typicality in sentences analogous to the typicality effects described in categorisation by prototype theory. What are typical and non typical sentences? What is the importance of this?