MigL

The RR RB-211 was developed over 50 years ago by Rolls-Royce to power the Lockheed Tristar, a 1970s competitor to the McDonnel/Douglas DC-10. Both were three engined designs, with two underwing engines and the third under the vertical tail. Rolls-Royce struggled to deliver engines capable of 40,000 lbst in time for the launch of the aircraft, and almost went broke, but later versions of that engine were capable of nearly 60,000 lbst. They are however still several generations old, and Rolls' newest engines, while still based on the three shaft design of the RB-211, are beasts producing well over 90,000 lbst ( Trent 800 series ). The latest off the drawing boards is the Ultra Fan, which is a totally new design that, instead of using three shafts to optimize efficiency of different compressor stages, uses a geared fan approach similar to the Pratt & Whitney of much less thrust. This may be more pertinent to the discussion

Modern turbofan engines pass 90 % of the airflow through the single stage fan. the core is essentially used to spin the turbines that drive the massive fan. the previous smaller straight blade fans were of honeycomb titanium construction, while newer ones are hollow titanium or CMC (ceramic matrix composite ) construction, wide bladed and convoluted 'scimitar' shaped to allow for supersonic tip speeds. They are not bird strike resistant, but rather 'tolerate' ( to some extent ) bird damage. Now we all know why Rolls Royce almost went bankrupt in the early 70s, while developing the RB-211. It was Studiot's brother's fault 😄 .

Yeah. We like to call them mathematical models that describe how things behave. As Swansont pointed out, the 'nature of reality' is a Philosophical question.

As Swansont and others have pointed out, what is the need for such a principle when there are already Physical laws preventing 'nothingness' ? Might there be places where Physical laws do not apply, necessitating your 'principle' to save the universe from having boundaries of 'nothingness' ?

Photons and neutrinos are massless composite particles ? What of gluons ? If your objective is resolving some unanswered questions, I don't see how creating many more unanswered problems achieves this. Galaxy rotation curves, the raison d'etre for dark matter are not simply a result of missing mass in the disk of the spiral, but also of the distribution of the missing mass.

D Trump had better check with his boss, E Musk, before making any more demands.

From your link "With new data, the universe's biggest mystery could be settled by the end of the decade.” IOW, It isn't settled yet, as more data is needed. Which means they don't know yet. I know ... Why don't we just give it a name to indicate we don't yet know the expansion mechanism. Something like 'Dark Energy' maybe ?

Saying 'Good Bye' got you a +1

The 'Laws' of the universe follow from symmetries. See Noether's Theorem. The Isotropy and homogeneity of the universe and its 'Laws' is due to causal contact, which means parts cannot be separated by a distance that light ( information ) cannot have travelled in an expanding universe, so, at some point in time, the universe must have been small enough to be in causal contact, See Inflation Theory. Scientific models have to be reproducible, and make testable predictions. The reproducibility and predictions have to be quantified, otherwise you are just 'hand-waving'. And that means math.

By the 1500s, the 'Black Death' had wiped out over 30 % of Europe's population. The very unequal feudal system of baron landowners with large numbers of serfs working the lands for barely subsistence came to an end, as the fewer remaining workers began to demand actual wages to work the land. Covid-19 had started to have the same effect as many people refused to return to minimally paying jobs after the pandemic. Quite a few restaurants and coffee shops had to close for lack of hired help, and governments are having to raise minimum wage to assist small businesses finding help. That seems to pale in comparison to a jackass like E Musk, who is currently worth approx. 440 Billion, demanding a yearly compensation of 56 Billion. He spent over 250 Million propping up D Trump's election campaign, such that he now controls the direction of the American Government ( finally lobbyists aren't the biggest problem anymore ), and yet, all the 'little' people ( non-affluent, uneducated ) voted for this Government thinking they'd get a better deal. P T Barnum underestimated the number of suckers born per minute. ( sorry, current American politics always gets me angry, so much so that I tend not to post too often as it ruins the rest of my day )

Perhaps Russia is a little too vague ( V Putin stays quiet, lets his puppet D Medvedev make the threats ) about their nuclear posturing and threats, INow. A much clearer example is North Korea and KJU. For the last 30-40 years they've been extorting and blackmailing with nuclear threats and missile tests.

I actually think it looks good on Justin Trudeau, who went to have dinner with D Trump and kiss his ass; meanwhile D Ford, Ontario's Premier, said "We don't want to do it, but if we are forced, we will cut off electric power to the 5 neighboring states we sell to". Can you guess who used to have their lunch money taken by the bully in grade school ? As for the moron Republicans who voted for D Trump so he could win, and the idiot Democrats who didn't bother to vote, and let him, this is the kind of shit you end up with ... Here's what happens when the world's richest man buys the presidency | Opinion

Unfortunately that is what folks believe, contrary to all evidence but also simple logic (i.e., differences in outcomes, priorities, goals, mechanisms, procedures etc.). Funny ( sad, actually ) how poor, or middle class, uneducated people vote to elect millionaires and billionaires thinking that they will look out for their best interests. Give them about 4 years to 'smell the coffee' and wake up.

The highlight of my summers, as a kid, was going to Niagara-on-the-Lake to watch the air show. I would eat ice cream at Avondale Dairy and watch the small planes. Then a huge shadow would cover us as the Avro Vulcan made its yearly low level overpass. Fantastic. V Putin should be worried if Europe finally decides to grow some balls and say enough is enough. Russia has the equivalent economy of Spain, have lost close to 700000 men, through killed or injured in action, still haven't taken Ukraine almost three years after the two week special operation was supposed to end, and had to call on North Korea for help. I would think Germany, England, France, or even Italy would have taken the fight to Russia so that their citizens could see what is really happening. I realize Ukraine won't do it, but a few Storm Shadow cruise missiles into the heart of Moscow would wake a lot of people up. They fire an 'experimental' IRBM and everyone is wringing their hands; how many more do you think they have ? And judging by the 'capabilities' of their Armed Forces so far, I would imagine their nuclear arsenal in in a similar sorry state. Do you think V Putin and his generals don't realize this ? All Russia has left is boisterous bravado.

Or, if you're a tyrant who doesn't want to leave Office, after being soundly defeated in a fair election, you may think you're justified to stage a treasonous violent coup on the Capital.